1476 
Tht RURAL NEW-YORKER 
September 18, 1020 
High 
Pressure 
Big 
Capacity 
Economical 
Operation 
Buy Your Sprayer Early 
There is a big demand for Hardie 
Sprayers. Last year thousands of 
orchardists were disappointed because 
they could not get delivery. Buy early 
and take no chances of having to fall 
back on a less reliable machine. 
While we are doubling our capacity it 
still looks as though there would be a 
big shortage of Hardie Sprayers this year. 
The reason for this is not altogether 
shortage of labor and materials but is 
largely caused by the demand for a 
high pressure, big capacity sprayer that 
will do the work quickly, thoroughly 
and economically. 
Growers in every fruit section demand 
Hardie Sprayers because they meet all 
these exacting conditions. 
Make sure of having your Hardie 
Sprayer when you want it. See a Hardie 
dealer or write us direct. Place your 
order early. 
HARDIE MANUFACTURING CO., Hudson, Michigan 
For 20 years the foremost, exclusive manufacturers of hand and power 
sprayers, including the FAMOUS HARDIE ORCHARD GUN 
Branches at: 
Portland. Ore, Los Angeles, Cal. Kansas City, Mo. Hagerstown, Md. Brockport, N. Y. 
What’s the Matter with 
the Eastern Farmer? 
The story of the heaviest load ever carried 
by American farmers. Tells why five million 
acres in New England are idle, why women 
and children have to slave in the fields. Read 
this remarkable series of articles in 
The 
Outlook 
These revelations will do more to explain 
the plight of the farmer than anything ever 
published before. Don’t miss a single install¬ 
ment. 
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The Quality Line 
For over 32 years, thousands 
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and poultry who realize the ne¬ 
cessity of using high class pre¬ 
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If you have never used them, 
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Minneapolis, Mian. Toronto Cut. 
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Garden and Farm Notes 
Propagating Dahlias 
Can dahlias be grafted, and how do you 
do it? s. E. N. 
Mechaniscsburg, Pa. 
Dahlias are easiest propagated by the 
division of the roots. The eyes are on 
the crown to which the tuber is attached, 
and in dividing it is necessary to have 
an eye on each division. Grafting is 
rather easily performed by cutting the top 
of the tuber slanting upward, and the 
cutting in the opposite direction, and then 
tying the two together with raffia or any 
other soft twine. The grafted tuber 
should then be planted in a pot deep 
enough to cover the top of the graft, and 
placed in a frame under shade, and kept 
moist for a short time. Grafting is some¬ 
times resorted to in the growing of D. 
imperialis, which sometimes attains to a 
heighth of 18 ft. under glass, on roots of 
the dwarf variety, D. rosea. 
ELMER J. WEAVER, 
Flower Perfumes 
The Missouri Botanical Garden Bulle¬ 
tin gives the following interesting facts 
about the manufacture of perfumes: 
Five hundred years have passed since 
the people of Southern France have 
learned the secret of extracting the per¬ 
fume of flowers and preserving it. «The 
largest industry for the manufacture of 
natural perfumes is located in Grasse, at 
the factory of Bruno Court, where 115,- 
000 acres are cultivated for the produc¬ 
tion of flowers. Every year an average of 
1,860 tons of orange blossoms, 930 tone 
of roses, 147 tons of violets and 1*27 tons 
of jasmine, etc., are picked by hand and 
carried to the factory where they are sort¬ 
ed and the stamens and pistils separated. 
Since the average weight of a jasmine 
ed lard. The perfumed lard is afterwards 
separated from the flowers by filtration 
and pressure. The most modern method 
is by employing volatile solvents, by 
which, in a closed extraction apparatus, 
light petroleum spirit dissolves the es¬ 
sences, and after evaporation in a vacu¬ 
um leaves them in a solid form. 
Sweet odors are generally classified un¬ 
der three headings: (1) floral, including 
all those obtained from sweet-smelling 
flowers, (2) annual, those derived from 
all spices, herbs and roots, (3) balsamic, 
obtained from such substances as resins, 
musks, etc. Various essences in com¬ 
pound are used as substitutes in the man¬ 
ufacture of certain perfumes. The helio¬ 
trope in concentrated form suggests the 
aroma of vanilla combined with that of 
bitter almonds. With this in mind the 
perfumer makes an excellent “extract of 
heliotrope” by combining a tincture of 
vanilla with a small proportion of otto 
of bitter almonds and sufficient rose and 
orange flower essences to give sweetness 
and floral character. A substitute for 
magnolia odor is obtained by mixing or¬ 
ange flower, tuberose and violet, essences, 
the addition of a touch of cedrat giving 
the peculiar sweetness characteristic of 
the flower. 
Chemical substitutes for perfumes, com¬ 
pounded by the chemist, enter greatly in 
the present-day market, especially in the 
cheaper perfumery. The laboratory rival 
of any natural perfume may be a chemical 
artificial product which is absolutely iden¬ 
tical with it, both physically and chem¬ 
ically. Among the sources of perfume;y 
are the laboratory by-products of coal tar. 
Planting Alfalfa Roots 
I note on page 1368 an article on trans¬ 
planting roots of Alfalfa, and notice the 
following sentence: “Make sure that the 
The Orange Harvest in Palestine 
flower is about 120 milligrams, approxi¬ 
mately 5.000,000,000 blossoms are annual¬ 
ly picked by hand. It is interesting to 
note that two-thirds of the flower pickers 
of Grasse live to the age of 70. 
The principal methods of procuring the 
aroma from the flowers are maceration, 
enfieurage, and distillation. The odors 
of all vegetable matter are contained in a 
constituent called otto. This essential 
oil, or otto, is always present in a liquid 
form varying in color from light straw to 
dark red or brown, and possessing the 
odor of the substance from which it is de¬ 
rived. As it exists in such small propor¬ 
tion, when isolated, a re arkable concen¬ 
tration of odor is contained. The yield 
of otto varies according to the material. 
For example, nutmeg and lemon rind con- • 
tain 6 per cent or more and can profitably 
be extracted by expression. Roses, how¬ 
ever. yield a very low percentage, so lit¬ 
tle that 300 lbs. of petals will furnish but 
three teaspoons of otto. 
The process of distillation is generally 
known, consisting of vaporizing a liquid 
in a closed vessel and conducting the 
vapor to a receiver in which it is con¬ 
densed by the application of cold water. 
When the flowers are placed in the still 
with the correct proportion of water and 
heat applied the otto, being volatile, rises 
with the steam, and both being condensed 
together, readily separate when cool. The 
water distillate from the flowers is con¬ 
served in huge containers to be used 
again, or sold as distilled water, rose wa¬ 
ter, jasmine water, etc. 
The more delicate flowers, as tuberose, 
jonquil and jasmine, impart their frag¬ 
rance by the cold enfieurage process. The 
flowers are placed upon the purest of 
scentless cold lard, which is spread upon 
Hass plates secured to wooden frames. 
Fresh blossoms are daily added until the 
lard has become impregnated with the 
otto, the latter b«>ing extracted by agi¬ 
tating in cold alcohol and evaporating. 
Another method of extracting perfumes 
is by hot maceration, the flowers being 
immersed and continually stirred in lieat- 
crown of the plant is put close down to 
the ground.” It is my belief that this is 
not as it should be. I experimented some 
with transplanting Alfalfa a few years 
ago, and a year or two after the work 
was done I came to the conclusion that 
the crown should be placed below the 
surface of the ground. In fact, I suspect 
it would be well if some experiments were 
made to indicate how low the crown 
could be safely planted and have the root 
still live. Some which were accidentally 
planted with the crown two or three 
inches under the ground have stooled out 
astonishingly, whereas those that were 
planted with the crown level with the sur¬ 
face did not stool out appreciably. 
To sum the whole matter up, it is my 
present belief that real success in trans¬ 
planting depends on getting the crown as 
far below the surface as practical and 
have the root live. As you will readily 
see, when the crown is below the surface 
it will throw out lateral shoots, and these 
lateral shoots will in turn throw out other 
lateral shoots, and so on, whereas when 
the crown is above the surface you never 
get more than the original crown. 
r. P. W. 
R. N.-Y.—We think this idea is sen¬ 
sible, and that the advice is sound. It 
will not do, however, to plant the crowns 
too deep. Just lightly covered with soil 
is about right. 
The Bookshelf 
Diseases of Greenhouse Crops and 
Their Control, by J. . J -~£ a nenhaus, 
I’ll 1). Dr .Tanenhaus is Chief of the 
Division of riant Pathology and Physiol¬ 
ogy at the T<>xas Experiment Station. 
In this book the various crops are 
treated in detail, their diseases described 
and control measures advised. 1 here are 
also chapters on greenhouse insects, lae 
book contains 429 pages, many illustra¬ 
tions, and a copious index. It is a valu¬ 
able addition to greenhouse literature, am 
should form a part of the working libraiy 
of all truck growers and florists. I llh ; 
lished by E, P. Dutton & Co,, New loik, 
price $8. 
