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Fig. 2. Glass test-tube nest. 
B) “Sandwich” nests 
Two nests, which I dubbed “sandwich”, consisted of two parallel 
glass slides 5 mm apart divided into cells by plastic partitions 5 mm 
apart (Fig. 3). The square entrance of the cells had no apparent effect 
on larval and adult behavior in the one nest adopted, and facilitated 
observation. These nests were affixed directly to the cage wall, 
without any peduncle or space behind the comb. On these, the nurses 
preferred the zone midway between the slides in direct contact with 
alveolar openings, while the less active females preferred the area 
between the top of the nest and roof of the cage. 
C) Re-use of artificial nests 
One sandwich and two capsule nests were re-used and enlarged the 
second year by foundresses born on the respective nests the preceding 
season. The sandwich nest, which had not been enlarged at all the 
preceding year, was noticeably expanded (Fig. 3B) after the artificial 
cells had been re-used to rear the first larvae. 
