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Psyche 
[Vol. 87 
phi also collects pollen from Hydrophyllaceae ( Hydrophyllum ) as 
well as mock-orange, Philadelphus (Saxifragaceae) (Robertson, 
1929), the plant on which it is most commonly collected in New 
York. In New York both species of Chelostoma commonly visit 
creeping bellflower, Campanula rapunculoides, a roadside weed 
introduced from Europe, which they share with the native oligo- 
lectic megachilid bee Chalicodoma campanulae (Robertson) and 
numerous polylectic bees. The Chelostoma also visit the native 
harebell. Campanula rotundifolia, as well as other introduced 
species of Campanula in gardens. Males of both species patrol 
Campanula and attempt to copulate with foraging females, as 
Kapyla (1978) observed in Finland. Males of C. fuliginosum and 
both sexes of C. campanularum often sleep in flowers of Campan¬ 
ula (Kapyla, 1978). 
Both species construct their nests in pre-existing cavities. They 
prefer holes in old wood, including stumps, posts, and structural 
timbers (Frey-Gessner, 1909; Benoist, 1929; Stoeckhert, 1933; Ka¬ 
pyla, 1978). Chelostoma fuliginosum will accept trap nests (Bonelli, 
1967; Correia, 1976) and C. campanularum will nest in straws (Frey- 
Gessner, 1909; Grandi, 1961). Chelostoma campanularum uses 2.0- 
to 2.5-mm-diameter cavities while C. fuliginosum uses 4.0- to 5.0- 
mm-diameter cavities. Neither species lines its cell walls with foreign 
materials, and both construct their cell partitions and final closures 
with soil mixed with nectar (Kapyla, 1978), although Bonelli (1967) 
described a nest of C. fuliginosum with resin partitions. 
Distribution in New York State 
The earliest collections of C. campanularum and fuliginosum in 
New York were made in 1973 and 1962, respectively. The presently 
known range in New York is illustrated in Figure 1. Both species 
have been collected in Schoharie, Tompkins, and Ontario Counties, 
and C. campanularum has also been collected in Schuyler and 
Jefferson Counties. This is certainly not a complete picture, because 
there has been no systematic effort to collect these bees. Entomolo¬ 
gists throughout the Northeast should watch their local bellflowers 
for Chelostoma. 
