234 
Psyche 
[June-September 
(cf. Emmel and Leek, 1970). Local extinctions are frequent. A. 
jatrophae usually persists for awhile after its local congener has 
disappeared. During these dry times, populations are restricted to 
moist refugia, and search for these otherwise common species may 
be frustrating (e.g., Hall, 1925). Although some individuals enter a 
nonreproductive physiological state during the dry season (O. R. 
Taylor, Jr., in ms.), there is no evidence for prolonged physiological 
diapause in Anartia. Among other things, their short adult longevity 
would seem to preclude survival through a long dry season. Groups 
of adults may seek shelter in the same location (Young, 1979), but 
they do not form structured aggregations characteristic of many 
other tropical butterflies. 
Adults are also influenced by the availability of nectar sources, 
and may leave an otherwise suitable area if no flowers are in bloom. 
They take nectar from many species, especially Lantana camara 
(but not from L. trifolia; Shemske, 1976; Barrows, 1976; they feed 
only at the yellow flowers of L. camara ), Hyptis mutabilis and Sida 
sp. (Losdick, 1973). The seasonal fluctuation in quality, of larval 
and adult habitats, affects the biogeography ( q.v.) of Anartia. 
Based on study of collecting localities and dates, we believe that 
much of the phenotypic variation seen in A.fatima and A. jatrophae 
is due in part to environmental conditions experienced during 
development. 
The population biology of A. fatima has been studied in Costa 
Rica by Young (1972) and Young and Stein (1976), and in Panama 
by Silberglied, Aiello and Windsor (in prep.). A. amathea has been 
studied in Ecuador by Losdick (1973; but cf. Sheppard and Bishop, 
1973!). Population sizes differed considerably between the species 
and studies; in Panama, dramatic differences in population size 
were noted from one year to the next. During one year, striking 
cycles of recruitment from the immature stages occurred on a 
monthly basis (R. E. S., A. A. and D. M. Windsor, in prep.). 
In spite of a sex ratio of 1:1 at eclosion in A. amathea (3 : $— 1-04, 
N=l,957) and A. fatima, (<3;$ = 0.96, N=2,281), samples from 
Anartia populations may be strongly skewed toward one sex or the 
other. The population of A. fatima on Barro Colorado Island, for 
example, always had a significant preponderance of males, due in 
part to greater emigration by females in search of oviposition sites 
(R. E. S., A. A. and D. M. Windsor, in prep.; Organization for 
Tropical Studies report, cited in Young and Stein, 1976). On the 
