1979] 
Silberglied, Aiello & Lamas — Genus Anartia 
249 
The pupal period usually lasts six to eight days in the three species 
we have studied (see also Rawson, 1976; Young, 1972; Young and 
Stein, 1976). A day or two before eclosion, color changes can be 
seen through the pupal skin. The eyes turn yellow and finally brown, 
and the wings become pale brown (in A. jatrophae) or black (A. 
amathea and A. fatima). In A. fatima the wing-bands show clearly 
by the morning of eclosion. Adults emerge during the morning and 
are ready to fly within one to two hours. 
BIOGEOGRAPHY 
The three distinctive evolutionary lines of the genus Anartia have 
well-defined and interesting geographic distributions (Figure 10). A. 
lytrea and A. chrysopelea are West Indian endemics on Hispaniola 
and Cuba, respectively. (A. chrysopelea is also known from the Isle 
of Pines, Swan Island, and southern Florida.) A. fatima and A. 
amathea are widely distributed in tropical Central and South Amer¬ 
ica, respectively. A. jatrophae is ubiquitous throughout all the warm 
regions of the Western Hemisphere, including the southern United 
States, the Bahamas and West Indies, all of Central and most of 
South America, to about 30 degrees north and south latitude. It has 
been difficult to determine the limits in some areas because of the 
tendency of collectors not to collect common species once a series 
has been obtained. Since all species can be collected around human 
habitations, many collectors do not bother with them soon after 
arrival in the tropics. Another problem has been the profusion of 
mislabelled specimens and erroneous reports, such as A. fatima 
from “Brasil,” and A. amathea from “Mexico” (da Silva, 1907) and 
“Havane” (Lucas, 1857). The southernmost limits of A. jatrophae 
and A. amathea are poorly documented; neither species occurs in 
Chile. 
Within these broad distributions, Anartia spp. are restricted to 
moist, or at least not very dry, disturbed habitats where their larval 
foodplants grow. Distributions may change markedly during the 
year in areas having pronounced dry seasons. Local extinctions of 
many populations occur through the dry season, with recoloniza¬ 
tion following the start of the rains. For example, during 1977, A. 
fatima went extinct throughout most of central and southern 
Panama, with occasional individuals remaining at isolated refugia 
(including dripping air conditioners and lawn sprinklers), but with a 
