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Psyche 
[June-September 
phology, and open discal cell in both fore- and hindwing, had been 
discovered and published ninety years earlier by Muller (1886, see 
also Brown and Heineman, 1972). While we agree with such an 
assessment, we want to take this opportunity to point out that this 
section of the subfamily is replete with genera of uncertain affinity, 
and we feel it is unwise to speculate further on phylogenetic posi¬ 
tions until a broad, modern generic revision of the Nymphalinae, 
employing larval and biological as well as adult characters, is 
undertaken. 
Evolution within the genus 
Anartia clearly contains three distinct phylogenetic lines: 
(1) A. amathea and A. fatima probably represent a pair of sister- 
species, derived from a widespread neotropical ancestor. We envi¬ 
sion a scenario in which the populations of this ancestor were 
isolated from one another during the Tertiary subsidences of the 
Panamanian isthmus, after which time the distinctive colors and 
patterns of the two species evolved. The secondary contact and 
occasional hybridization between A. amathea and A. fatima in the 
Darien represents a recent event in geologic time, the consequences 
of which are of considerable interest. 
(2) A. chrysopelea and A. lytrea probably represent another pair of 
sister-species, derived from a common ancestor (Bates, 1935). Their 
physical isolation on separate islands probably fostered their dif¬ 
ferentiation. 
(3) A. jatrophae is a widely-distributed species of great geographic 
variation. Tendencies toward the formation of distinct, geographi¬ 
cally isolated populations are thwarted by the high vagility of 
individuals. 
These three species-groups differ from one another in only a few 
morphological characters. It is not possible at present to decide 
which character states are plesiomorphic, and which derived, for 
these features. For this reason we do not feel it would serve a useful 
purpose to present speculations on the branching sequence within 
the genus. 
DEPOSITION OF SPECIMENS 
Voucher specimens of the immature stages of A. amathea, A. 
fatima and A. jatrophae have been deposited in the Museum of 
Comparative Zoology (MCZ). All adult specimens illustrated, 
