INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. 
FIGURE 
1. 
2 . 
3 a, b. 
3 c. 
4 - 
5 - 
6 . 
7 - 
8 a, b. 
9 - 
10. 
11. 
12 a, 
* 3 - 
14. 
15 - 
16 < 7 , b. 
17 77, A 
18. 
* 9 - 
20 A 
21 a, b. 
22. 
23 - 
24. 
2 5 - 
26 b. 
27 . 
28 <7, & 
29. 
30 . 
3 1 - 
32 a,b,c. 
33 - 
34 - 
Plank properly fixed with heart side against the beam 
Plank improperly fixed with outside against the beam 
Medullary rays, or silver grain 
Concentric circles, or annual layers 
Conversion of sap-wood into heart-wood 
Do. do. partially completed 
Conical or tapering form of woody layers 
Pith, snake-like form of 
Heart-shake defect 
Do. do. twisting form 
Do. do. at right angles to each other 
Star-shake defect 
Cup-shake defect 
Defect caused by a broken brand 
Proper mode of pruning 
Rindgall defect . 
British Oak, Rough, form of log 
Do. Sided, do. 
Do. Compass, do. 
Do. do. do. 
French Oak, mode of hewing 
Italian Oak, compass form of log 
Riga Oak, semicircular, do. 
African Oak, irregular, do. 
Spanish Mahogany, general, do. 
Jarrah, mode of hitching 
English Elm, rough, form of log . 
Canada Rock Elm, defective annual layers 
Canada Red Pine, mode of hewing 
Canada Yellow Pine. do. 
Do. Section showing seven pieces taken 
across the full breadth of the tree .... 
Canada Yellow Pine. Section showing eight pieces, do. 
American Pitch Pine. Section and twelve lengths of the 
inner and outer layers ....... 
New Zealand Kaurie. Section showing four pieces taken 
from one side, and two pieces from the other side of 
pith .......... 
New Zealand Kaurie. Section, and butt, middle, and top 
lengths, three on each side of the pith .... 
5 
5 
6 
6 
9 
9 
15 
24 
28 
29 
29 
30 
3 1 
37 
38 
39 
72 
73 
74 
74 
79 
86 
96 
146 
170 
i93 
223 
226 
272 
277 
279 
282 
288 
298 
