III. DISSECTION OF THE FOOT OF THE PIG FOR THE 
MACROSCOPIC STUDY OF SKELETAL TISSUES 
Material. —Fresh material obtained from the abattoir. Both 
anterior and posterior appendages may be used; they should be 
amputated well above the carpus (or tarsus). Skeletons of the 
appendages of pig and other ungulates (e.g., sheep, cow, horse) 
and of man. 
Preliminary Examination. —Determine by comparison with 
skeletons of related forms whether specimen is posterior or 
anterior, and right or left. Note that the epidermis, possibly 
including the hoofs (nails) has been scraped off. By palpation 
identify the various bones and joints present. Determine the 
level of amputation, and study and identify so far as possible the 
structures shown in the cross section. Distinguish between the 
sections of the flexor and extensor groups of muscles (or tendons). 
Compare the foot with the corresponding appendage in other 
ungulates, both odd and even toed, and also in man, as to (i) 
number of digits; (2) extent of surface in contact with the ground 
(ungulate type as compared with plantigrade type); (3) extent 
to which adjoining toes are fastened together, preventing the 
spread of the digits; (4) range of motion of each joint. 
In making the comparison with the human foot note particu¬ 
larly in the ungulate foot the attempt at bilateral symmetry, 
the typical quadrupedal elevation of the heel process, and the 
total absence of anything resembling the longitudinal arch of the 
human foot. Which has the more primitive foot, the pig or 
man? In what line has each specialized and why? 
Summary of the varieties of skeletal tissues which will be met 
in the dissection. 
1. Tensile or Connective Tissue. 
Areolar or loose connective tissue, in many regions transformed 
to fatty or adipose tissue. 
Dense connective tissue, wholly of the fibrous variety. 
31 
