4 
MAMMALIAN ANATOMY 
malar surfaces, nasal bones, mental protuberance, angles of jaw; 
within the mouth, alveolar ridges, hard palate, coronoid processes 
of lower jaw. 
In Trunk. —Spinous processes of all the vertebrae, especially 
the 7th cervical (vertebra prominens), end of coccyx; anterior 
margin of the manubrium of the sternum (the jugular notch), 
posterior end of sternum (the xiphoid process), outline of costal 
cartilages from the 7th to the 10th (forming the superficial 
boundary between thorax and abdomen), outline of ribs (nipple 
between the 4th and 5th). 
In Pectoral Region and Arm. —Medial half of clavicle, acro¬ 
mion process of scapula, coracoid process of scapula, spine of 
scapula, vertebral border of scapula; larger tubercle of the humerus; 
lateral and medial epicondyles of the humerus; olecranon of ulna; 
ridge of shaft of ulna, styloid process of ulna; head of radius; 
distal fourth of shaft of radius; styloid process of radius; the 
pisiform bone, the distal ends of metacarpals; proximal and distal 
ends of the rows of phalanges. 
In Pelvic Region and Leg. —Crest of ilium, sciatic tuber, pubic 
arch, pubic symphysis, greater trochanter of femur, lateral and 
medial epicondyles of femur, patella, lateral and medial condyles 
of the tibia, tuberosity of tibia, crest and medial surface of tibia, 
medial malleolus, lateral malleolus; tuber of the calcaneus (heel), 
tuberosity of 5 th metatarsal, proximal and distal ends of rows of 
metatarsals and phalanges. 
B. GENERAL RELATIONSHIPS AND DISTRIBUTION OF 
MUSCLES. 
1. Demonstration of Muscle Relationships and Distribution in a 
Freshly Killed Mammal. 1 
Note the readiness with which superficial bony parts may be 
located through the skin by palpation. Note that in skinning 
1 The specimens used in this study of the general distribution of muscles (prefer¬ 
ably cats or rabbits) may be very conveniently preserved for the later detailed study 
of muscles by the method given on p. 52. If, on the other hand, the supply of 
material is insufficient to allow another set of fresh specimens for the study of the 
viscera, immediately following, the study of the general distribution of muscles * 
mhy be made first from manikins and casts, and the demonstration of the actual 
muscles can then be taken briefly when the freshly killed specimens for the study 
of the viscera are skinned. 
