MAMMALIAN ANATOMY 
I. GENERAL ANATOMY OF THE MAMMALIAN BODY 
A. THE BONY FRAMEWORK. 
Material. —Mounted skeletons of Man and other mammals, 
such as the orang, gibbon, cat, rabbit; disarticulated human 
skeletons; also manikins. 1 
Methods. —Identify the structures mentioned in the outline, 
by the aid of any good text or reference book on human or mam¬ 
malian anatomy. Note the differences in relationships involved 
in man’s assumption of an erect position. 
The aim of this general study of the skeleton should be (i) to 
become familiar with the bones and the groups of bones in their 
relation to each other and to the external form of the body, and 
(2) to be able to identify separate bones at sight to the extent 
of knowing the names of the larger and more distinctive ones, and 
the name of the group to which the smaller ones belong. Separate 
bones should always be identified and distinguished as right or left 
in the case of paired bones, referring them to the articulated 
skeleton and thus learning to think of them in their correct position 
in relation to the body as a whole. 
Terms of Orientation. —To orient any structure of the body is 
to place it in its correct relationship to the body as a whole, 
i.e., in the relation which it had when in place in the body. In the 
quadruped animal in the normal position, with the axis of the 
body horizontal, the surface or region of any part of the body 
which is directed upward is described as dorsal in position, while 
that which is directed downward is ventral; the surface or region 
1 In addition to the usual types of anatomical manikin, the manikin of B. Suzuki, 
especially adapted to the study and location of superficial features, will be found 
useful. This manikin, which represents a Japanese athlete with all external features 
slightly exaggerated, has a washable surface, neutral in color, and may thus be used 
with crayons of any color for demonstration purposes or for class drill in the location 
and identification of superficial parts. See Anatomischer Anzeiger , Vol. 37, Sept. 17, 
1910. 
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