XVII. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 
A. GROSS ANATOMY. 
By means of dissected demonstration preparations 1 (cats, 
rabbits, or other mammals) supplied for this study, review the 
gross anatomy of the digestive system (cf. pp. 11-13) and record by 
drawing such details as have not been previously recorded in your 
work. 
Mouth. —Note its extent and boundaries; character of the 
cheeks, lips, teeth, roof of mouth, and tongue; the salivary glands 
(parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual) and the ducts leading from 
these to the mouth. 
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Pharynx. —Note extent; walls, especially the lateral walls in 
which the tonsils are located; various orifices opening into and 
from it as identified in previous study of the sheep or calf (cf. p. 86). 
(Esophagus. —Note relation to larynx and trachea; course 
through thorax and relation to other organs of the thorax; the 
muscular nature of its walls; its collapsed condition when empty; 
the character of its lining; the passage of its posterior end through 
the diaphragm to reach the stomach. 
Stomach. —Note its location with relation to the diaphragm 
and to the other abdominal organs; the extension of its mesentery 
to form the overhanging greater omentum and the relation of this 
to the spleen; the differentiation of the stomach into cardiac and 
pyloric regions; the pouch-like form of the cardiac region, with 
its fundus bounded by the greater and lesser curvatures; the 
1 These preparations may be made very conveniently by detaching from the 
coelomic wall the entire length of alimentary canal, together with its associated 
glands, the heart, the lungs, and as much as possible of the diaphragm, all held in 
their normal relationships by the serous membranes. In the neck region the oeso¬ 
phagus and trachea should be detached from the adjacent muscular and skeletal 
parts and the neck severed near the base of the skull. The head is thus kept in its 
relationship to the alimentary canal, while the rest of the body may be discarded. 
Further dissection may then be made to show salivary glands and ducts and the 
ducts of the liver and pancreas. In each region of the alimentary canal a sufficient 
length should be laid open to make possible the examination of the walls and lining. 
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