182 
RURAL NEW-YORKER 
February 5, 11121 
High Prettur* Economical Operation Big Capacity 
You know that your Sprayer Engine must keep on going 
or you will lose valuable time—Engine troubles are costly 
at spraying time. 
That’s the reason why Hardie puts a heavy duty, highly efficient en¬ 
gine on Hardie Sprayers. It’s built for hard, constant service—not a 
common farm engine but the best that years of experience can develop 
in an engine for a spraying outfit. 
The Hardie Ideal engine cools perfectly under every condition, burns 
minimum fuel for the power developed and is designed to carry the 
load and plug away day in and day out. 
Hardie Sprayers are known in every fruit growing section as THE re¬ 
liable Sprayer. Every part is simple, strong and gives service. 
There’s the Hardie Triplex pump—the easiest running pump known. 
Chain drive delivers all the power from the motor to the pump. Low 
hung frame enables you to spray without breaking off the limbs of the 
lower trees. These and many other features make the Hardie the most 
efficient spraying outfit—the favorite among orchardists everywhere. 
Send for Hardie Catalog 
Whether you need a sprayer now or later—get this book. It will help you to de¬ 
cide how to spray and the best kind of a sprayer to use. Write today. 
HARDIE MFG. COMPANY, Hudson, Mich. 
For 20 years the foremost, exclusive manufacturers of hand and 
power sprayers, including the FAMOUS HARDIE ORCHARD GUN 
Branches at: Portland, Ore. Lot Angeles, Calif. Kansas City, Ms. 
Hagerstown, Md. Brockport, N. Y. 
High Yields Make 
Low Costs 
Increase the yield per acre, cut labor 
costs, improve the quality of your crop 
and lessen the danger from weather 
and insects by the liberal use of 
ROYSTER'S 
FERTIIIZERS 
HAOTMARW 
(USISTEMD 
200 LSsifif 
0YSTERS 
■■■MR 
Agents wanted in 
unoccupied territory 
m mm, 
I ii&&3S •••.:•. ••• 
F. S. Royster Guano Co. ipgffifS Jj|jj 
Department C- 12 k mWMTWltt #€ 
Baltimore, Md., Toledo, O. 
II 
When you write advertisers mention The R. N.-Y. and you’ll get a 
1 quick reply and a “square deal.” See guarantee editorial page. 
1’akt II. 
Dr. Felt, State Entomologist, spoke on 
the corn borer. So far, he said, in New 
York, it has not bred in other plants than 
corn. There is need of studying means of 
eradication of the pest that is doing so 
much damage in Canada and foreign 
countries. Those who have the pest 
should communicate with the State. De¬ 
partment of Agriculture, Albany, X. Y. 
Charles II. Tuck, formerly head of the 
Cornell Extension Department, but later 
Agricultural Commissioner to Russia and 
other foreign countries, spoke on condi¬ 
tions in the countries visited, lie said 
that Japan. China and Russia are not far 
advanced in fruit culture. China has the 
host fruit. Some very good apples and 
delicious oranges. China is notoriously 
weak and inefficient in her agricultural 
progress. Siberia lias some very good 
small fruits. Japan has the least good 
fruit. _ 
Richard Ilall, manager of the Grange- 
League-Federation-Exchange, spoke of 
what the Exchange can do for fruit grow¬ 
ers. lie said it could buy the fruit grow¬ 
ers’ supplies at lowest prices if the fruit 
growers would pool their orders for them. 
The occupation of the farmer is uncer¬ 
tain. lie does not know what he will get 
for any produce he may grow. It is the 
small grower that may ruin the business 
of a community of good farmers, by sell¬ 
ing the little fruit, or whatever it may 
be, for what he can get. There should he 
an association of all growers, large and 
small. If you have a Grange. Farm Bu¬ 
reau Association or a Dairymen’s League 
near you. join them and work with them. 
Tell your purchasing agency how much 
it can depend on your buying. The 
larger the wholesale order the agency can 
place, the lower the price to you. 
Prof. Rees, of the New York State Col¬ 
lege of Agriculture, told about central 
(lacking associations. Their function is to 
standardize the package of fruit. A cen¬ 
tral association is made tip of several 
small local associations. The central as¬ 
sociation employs an expert manager .and 
owns the brand under which the fruit is 
packed. It makes rules and regulations 
for packing. It furnishes trade informa¬ 
tion to producers and shippers. It as¬ 
sists in organizing new local associations. 
The ultimate aim is to receive a larger 
net price for fruit. First, there must he 
standardization, then advertising and sell¬ 
ing. We must tell consumers what kind 
of apples to buy, and when and where. 
There is need of a good small shipping 
package with a large display surface for 
some kinds of apples at certain seasons 
of the year. We should advertise a par¬ 
ticular brand of apples with quality back 
f it. This is the way the Western 
rowers sell large crops. The foundation 
f the whole system is many strong local 
ssociations. 
S. W. Fletcher, of Pennsylvania State 
'ollege, said that during the past Sum¬ 
ter the Pennsylvania State Department 
f Agriculture and the State College co¬ 
perated in an apple orchard survey of 
ho State. Not all orchards were visited, 
ut enough in each county to represent 
he whole. They found that fully half of 
he trees in commercial orchards are not 
et in bearing. This is especially true in 
Southeastern Pennsylvania, where the 
irgest development in wholesale apple 
rowing may he expected. Adams County, 
;hich leads in acreage, has in round num- 
ers .‘1.000 acres in bearing and 4.000 not 
earing. The commercial apple industry 
f Pennsylvania may be ‘said to have be- 
un in 1000. In Western New York most 
f the apple marketing is wholesale; in 
Pennsylvania apples are grown mainly for 
etail or local markets. The crop was 
2.000.000 bu. in 1920. with a valuation 
t the farm of $18,000,000, yet only 1.(500 
are were shipped. The remainder were 
onsumed or sold at the farm or carried 
o nearby markets in trucks. The carrier 
f Pennsylvania apples is the auto truck, 
ot the freight car. The universal paek- 
ge is the bushel crate or basket; uot the 
arrel. More Pennsylvania apples are sold 
without packages than with them. Scarce¬ 
ly 10 per cent of the apples pay toll to 
ommission men. They either go direct to 
he consumer or to retail stores. A very 
urge proportion is sold at the farm. 
The difference in market accounts for 
nost of blie difference in practice between 
(Tew York and Pennsylvania. Local mar- 
:ets require a larger number of varieties 
han wholesale markets, and varieties of 
ligher quality. In the wholesale dis- 
riets the York Imperial. Stayman and 
leu Davis dominate the situation, just as 
he Baldwin, 8p,v and Greening do in 
Western New York: but in most of the 
State the orchards have a much wider 
ange of varieties, usually covering the 
ntire season. 
The need of Pennsylvania apple grow- 
ng is more and better common storage 
louses. In recent years many cement, 
ilo. stone and brick houses, with air space 
vail and flue ventilation, have been built. 
?ome with a capacity of several thousand 
>arrels. In the southern part of the State 
t is found that natural air circulation is 
lot adequate. It is necessary to have 
breed draft by means of electric fans, so 
hat the air in the storage inay be com- 
iletely changed in 10 to 20 minutes. An- 
>ther improvement is in controlling the 
mmidity of the air by passing it through 
i fine spray of water as it enters the 
milding below the floor level. For retail 
growers the results from these houses ap¬ 
proximate those secured under cold stor¬ 
age and at much less expense. 
He* was convinced that a large propor¬ 
tion of the orchards can be handled in sod 
to best advantage. The trees must be 
mature, not young: the land must he 
strong enough to produce a good growth of 
grass; the grass must be cut at least 
twice a year and left as a mulch ; the or¬ 
chard must be more heavily fertilized than 
filled orchards, and especially with nitro¬ 
genous fertilizer; the mice must be cir¬ 
cumvented in one way or another. The 
standard fertilizer in Pennsylvania sod 
orchards, when manure cannot be ob¬ 
tained, is a mixture of one part nitrate of 
soda and two parts acid phosphate, ap¬ 
plied at the rate of 300 to 500 lbs. per 
acre of mature trees. 
A majority of the best growers do prac¬ 
tically no pruning after the trees are 
three years old except to cut out suckers, 
but wait until the trees come into regular 
bearing before beginning to thin the crop. 
Prof. P. J. Parrot's conclusions on 
dusting, after experiments at Geneva Sta¬ 
tion. were that dusting mixtures contain¬ 
ing nicotine were toxic to aphids, red 
hugs, leaf hoppers of the apple, the cur¬ 
rant aphis, and four-lined plant bugs. 
The degree of susceptibility to dusting 
preparations varied with different species. 
Mixtures with 5 per cent nicotine were 
fatal to the apple aphis and red hug. and 
to the currant aphis. Preparations at this 
strength also reduced nymphs of the four- 
lined plant hug to a state of inactivity, 
although the insects ultimately recovered 
with few fatalities. Dusting with mix¬ 
tures containing 2 per cent nicotine was 
fatal to the nymphs. Mixtures containing 
less than 2 per cent nicotine gave 
very poor control of the potato aphis. 
The nymphs of the pear psylla displayed 
considerable resistance to preparations 
containing from 5 to 2 per cent nicotine. 
Mixtures with 5 per cent nicotine de¬ 
stroyed only a small percentage of hiber¬ 
nating adults, and preparations, with 1 
per cent nicotine were less effective than 
spraying mixtures composed of nicotine 
sulphate and soap in the usual propor¬ 
tions. 
Air currents, denseness of tree growth, 
low temperatures and exudates of insects, 
such as wax and honcydew, exerted great¬ 
er adverse influence on dusting prepara¬ 
tions than on spraying mixtures. The' 
field technique required for effective dust¬ 
ing differs in important particulars from 
standard spraying practices. In its pres¬ 
ent stage of development, dusting displays 
defects both as to methods of application 
and machinery which will probably be 
overcome by the corrective processes of 
experience. A study of present dusting 
methods shows that a distinction should 
be made between obvious limitations <>f 
dusting materials and machinery and fail¬ 
ures which arise from attempting to dust 
under conditions that are unfavorable for 
effective work. Operations which proved 
promising when no breeze was stirring 
and when the trees had open tops would 
not infrequently yield different results 
when strong air currents prevailed and 
the tree growth was dense. The ineffi¬ 
ciency of dusting was most marked with 
the pear psylla and the woolly aphis, as 
tlie honey dew and wax secretions of these 
insects were repellent to the materials. 
It was noted that during periods of low 
temperature dusting was less effective 
than when high temperature prevailed. 
Dusting has possibilities, hut it is not 
wise with our present knowledge and ex¬ 
perience to encourage too great expecta¬ 
tions as to the practicability of combat¬ 
ting common sucking insects by this sys¬ 
tem. The conspicuous results obtained 
by dusting are speed of operation and 
economy in labor. Dusting machinery is 
in the experimental stage, and improve¬ 
ments will be made that will meet the 
requirements of different field crops and 
various bush and tree fruits. With such 
pests as red bugs and aphids effective 
results will depend on Hie thorough coat¬ 
ing of the insects. In dusting large 
trees it has been difficult to obtain satis¬ 
factory control without incurring large 
expense for dosage, which appears exces¬ 
sive in comparison with the cost of spray¬ 
ing. w. H. J. 
Coming Farmers’ Meetings 
January ' 31-February 4 — Farmers’ 
Week, Ohio State University, Columbus, 
O. 
January 31-February 4 — Far me’ 
Week and Potato Show. Michigan Agri¬ 
cultural College, Lansing. Mich. 
February 1-2—Ohio State Horticul¬ 
tural Society, Columbus, O. 
February 1.-4 — New York State 
Grange, Utica. N. Y. 
February 1-3 — Ohio Farm Bureau 
Federation. Columbus, O. 
February 7-11—Fruit Growers’ Short 
Course, Purdue University, La Fayette, 
Ind. 
February 7-12—Sixth Annual National 
Tractor Show, Columbus. O. 
February 9-11—New York State Hor¬ 
ticultural Society. Eastern Meeting, 
Poughkeepsie. N. Y. 
February 14-19—Farmers’ Week. New 
York State College of Agriculture, 
Ithaca, N. Y. 
January 3-February 25—Short, courses 
in Agriculture, Home Economics, Ice 
Cream Making, New York State School 
of Agriculture. Cobleskill, N. Y. 
