528 
7b* RURAL NEW-YORKER 
April 2, 1921 
See Your International 
Dealer for Particulars 
as to Lowered Prices 
S EVERAL factors help to explain why International 
Engines are popular wherever they are used. But 
the most eminent .~asen is that they do the work 
their owners want done when it should be done. 
International Engine owners know that if there is 
feed to grind, the International will do it. If there is water 
to pump, the International will pump it. The same is true 
with wood sawing, churning, chopping feed, fanning grain, 
etc., etc. The International will turn the trick, when you 
give it a chance. 
In accomplishing this, International Engines use 
low-grade fuels. They are simple to operate—many farmer 
boys not yet in their teens start and operate International 
Engines with ease. 
International Engines have built-in magnetos, re¬ 
placeable cylinder liners, enclosed crank cases. They are 
hopper-cooled, and have many other valuable features. 
Made in 1/4, 3, 6, and 10 h. p. sizes. 
Send a postal for an engine pamphlet. 
International Harvester Company 
Increase Your 
Wool Clip 
You lose part of your wool 
money by shearing with hand 
blades. Shear with a ma¬ 
chine. The extra wool se¬ 
cured soon pays the co§t of 
one. 
Stewart Shearing Machines 
get you more and better wool 
easily and quickly. Nosecond 
cuts—no ridges to be gone 
over. 
This year’s market condi¬ 
tions make it imperative that your wool 
grade high as possible. A Stewart Machine 
guarantees long, even fiber, that brings 
best prices. 
There’s a Stewart Machine for your flock, 
whether it’s ten or ten thousand. The Stewart No. 
9, ball bearing, works wonders with flocks up to 
800. For larger flocks select from our high grade 
line of power operated machines shown in Catalog 
No. 69. Write today. 
Chicago Flexible Shaft Company 
Dept. B 141 5600 Roosevelt Road Chicago 
Stewart No. 9 Ball Bearing 
Shearing Machine 
Hand operated, 
easy running — 
strongly built. 
At your deal¬ 
er’s, only $22, 
or from us by 
sending $2, 
paying the 
balance on 
arrival. 
M 
“PURIFINE" FEEDING 
Barrel or Train Load 
Same Quality as Used in Our 
METROPOLITAN MILLS 
Celebrated Molasses Feeds 
Write for Our Booklet and Prices 
THE MEADER-ATLAS CO., 107 Hudson St., New York 
Put o United 
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WRITE 
Get particulars 
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United line 
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Feed Mills 
Washers 
Engines 
Just what you 
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Ask your dealer 
UNITED ENGINE CO. 
Dept. 20 Lansing, Mich. (27) 
United Engine 
1 3 A to 12 H.P 
Gasoline or Kero¬ 
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Get all facts today, 
THE GREAT UNITED LINE 
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PERFECTION ANTI-COW KICKER 
THE MOORE BROS., 15 GREEN STREET. ALBANY, N. Y 
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[ 
IVhen you write advertisers mention The R. N.-Y. and you’ll get a 
quick reply and a “square deal.” See guarantee editorial page. 
A Primer of Economics 
By John J. Dillon 
Part XVIII 
In the previous articles we have defined 
the nature of wealth and the elementary 
laws of production. We come now to the 
more intricate and more interesting prob¬ 
lems of the distribution of tvoalth. This 
must be distinguished from the distribu¬ 
tion of products, which is a part of the 
process of production, and which includes 
sale, and transportation through to the 
consumer. By the distribution of wealth 
we mean the division of the things pro¬ 
duced. or the division of the fruits of pro¬ 
duction. between landlords, capitalists 
and laborers. 
There is a marked difference between 
the laws that govern the production of 
wealth and the laws under which it is 
distributed. Man prescribes how wealth 
is to be awarded to different classes of 
producers. These laws may be changed 
at will. Nature prescribes the laws of 
production. These laws which govern 
production are fundamental and perma¬ 
nent. In the first place, production of 
today is limited by the saving of yester¬ 
day. This saving is the capital necessary 
to efficient production. Access to natural 
products and the means to harness natu 
ral forces are other essentials to produc¬ 
tion. These acquirements being avail¬ 
able, the energy and skill of the worker 
determines the volume and value of the 
wealth produced. In the process of pro¬ 
duction capital is consumed. If it is 
consumed productively—that is, if it 
creates more than it destroys—the com¬ 
munity is enriched. If the consumption 
is unproductive—that is, if the consumer 
destroys without creating—the community 
is impoverished. If no new and improved 
processes are brought into use after agri¬ 
culture has been generally developed in 
a country, an increased amount of labor 
will not proportionately increase the pro¬ 
duction. In other words, the producer’s 
energy and skill worked within certain 
limits affect production within this cir¬ 
cumscribed field in proportion to the 
extent of the effort and the perfection of 
the art; but nature fixes its own immuta¬ 
ble laws. Man has no hand or will in 
the making of them and no power to 
change them. Tie must accept them as 
they are and adapt his operations to 
them. 
With distribution it is otherwise. 
Wealth once produced, it is optional with 
society to do what it pleases with it. 
There is no natural law to decree who is 
to have it, how much may be consumed, 
or how much saved. Even the individual 
who produced it has no right to the 
product that the community is hound,to 
1 respect. If society likes, it may take it 
from him. It may, as in the late war, 
limit or prohibit his consumption of it 
or his use of it in any way, even in his 
own home. Society may increase the use 
of it, and broaden the market of it by 
bounties on its export or limit its use and 
exportation by imposing taxes, duties and 
embargoes. Through indifference or neg- 
; lect the government may permit the plun 
der or destruction of it, or it may protect 
the producer in his possession of it by 
the administration of its political powers 
and the enforcement of equitable laws. 
The distribution of wealth is therefore a 
political as well as a social function. 
There are no natural restraints or limita¬ 
tions such as we found in the fields of 
production. 
When society, however, adopts a pol 
icy, certain and definite results follow, 
and whether for good or evil society must 
accept the consequence of its own policy. 
It is free to act as it will, but it then 
becomes subject to laws which are as 
definite and unyielding as the laws of 
production and physics, and which reward 
society or condemn it as its wisdom or 
folly merits. It cannot escape responsi¬ 
bility for its own acts. If producers are 
protected in their possessions and re¬ 
warded for their services production will 
be increased. If production is taxed, if 
obstructed by rules or regulations, if the 
producer is poorly paid, the owner ill- 
protected. if monopolies are created, pro¬ 
duction is discouraged, and the volume 
of human needs and comforts will be de¬ 
creased. An equitable distribution is the 
greatest encouragement for a full pro¬ 
duction and a reasonable price. 
society's responsibility 
Society is then responsible for the dis¬ 
tribution of wealth. There are laws of 
production, as we have already said, that 
society has no power to change; hut it 
can do what it pleases with wealth after 
it is created. Society, however, cannot 
escape the responsibility for its own ar¬ 
bitrary acts. Society can, and it does, 
discourage production by unwise and un 
just decrees. It sanctions the suspension 
of natural laws by favored groups of per¬ 
sons for their own advantage. It taxes 
one industry for the benefit of another. 
It taxes one and exempts another. It 
grants monopolies and creates trusts. The 
favored groups and industries profit by 
the suspension of economic laws, but 
society as a whole loses more than the 
favored groups gain. Nature punishes 
without distinction every infraction of its 
own law. The mills of the gods grind 
slow, but they grind exceedingly fine. 
Society at times becomes, as it were, in¬ 
toxicated with its own success and prog¬ 
ress, and in the blindness of its onward 
rush ignores fundamental principles that 
sooner or later demand an accounting. 
There is one power, however, that so¬ 
ciety cannot defy without a penalty. 
That is the power of right. There is one 
law that society cannot violate without 
peril to itself. That is the law of justice. 
In its treatment of the agricultural in¬ 
dustry society has persistently and de¬ 
liberately defied the power of right and 
violated the law of justice. Through all 
the ages society has persisted iu this 
error, and has always paid the penalty. 
Ancient Carthage and Rome trampled 
on the rights of the producers, and Car¬ 
thage and Rome perished. The Ionises, the 
Kings of France, oppressed the producers 
to support themselves and their courts in 
luxury and extravagance, and brought on 
one of the bloodiest revolutions of his¬ 
tory. England galled the necks of her 
producing classes under the yoke of or¬ 
ganized privilege, and produced a peasant 
revolt under Wat Tyler, John Ball and 
Jack Straw that shook the kingdom to 
its very foundations and wrought the 
doom of the feudal system. In modern 
times the privileged classes use more sub¬ 
tle and refined methods than the lords of 
old ; but they yet press producers through 
their system of distribution to the limit 
of patience and endurance. Our own ex¬ 
perience proves that monopoly in food 
distribution discourages production and 
increases prices to consumers, and reason 
teaches that society invites disaster to 
itself when it discourages life and pro¬ 
duction on the farms, and allures the 
people by greater opportunities for life 
and fortune from the farms to manufac¬ 
turing and commercial centers. 
“Thou Shalt Not Steal” 
In reply to W. M.’s request, page 337, 
would say you cannot say too much in 
regard to the farm thief. We have 
a large farm, consisting of several 
smaller ones. The houses that are not 
occupied are looked upon by the public 
as deserted farms and public property. 
From the time the first strawberry is ripe 
until snow comes there isn’t a Sunday, 
and sometimes during the week, but what 
some one is here. They either come with 
a horse, auto, motorcycle or on foot, and 
as the nearest point to a State road is 
1 y 2 miles, they simply come for the one 
purpose. Berries, apples, pears, plums, 
cherries and nuts are taken by the bushel. 
Not only would “Thou shalt not steal” be 
a good title for a Spring sermon, but also 
advise the ministers to practice what they 
preach. I am sorry to say one of our 
ministers went to our nut grove last Fall, 
making a detour of several miles, so as we 
would not see him, taking his family and 
another party with him. They picked 
more nuts than they could use, and offered 
their (our) surplus stock for sale. Every 
farmer will appreciate all efforts to stop 
this lawless practice. w. H. w. 
“Why don't you and your mamma go 
to the big church on the corner?” 
“ ’Cause we belong to a different abomina¬ 
tion,” answered Dorothy.—Credit Lost. 
