The RURAL NEW-YORKER 
549 
Farm Mechanics 
Purity of Water Supply 
I have a never-failing well about IS ft. 
from back door. My sink is 9 ft. east and 
14 ft. south from back door. Is there 
any way a pump by the sink can draw 
water easily from this well? This well 
is deep, cold and delicious water; has not 
been cleaned out in years. The last 
cleaner said when he got througn with it 
there were still (i ft. of mud in the bottom 
of it. Another cleaner said he might be 
able to clean it in a dry season, when 
water is correspondingly low. We have 
had no illness from this water and it is 
certainly good. Should anything lx* put 
in if to make it doubly safe? How close 
to a well is it safe for an outdoor toilet? 
Ground is level. ENQUIRES. 
Ballston Spa. N. Y. 
Whether or tc f water could be pumped 
as you suggest depends entirely upon the 
distance of the permanent water level 
below the pump if .installed as described. 
Twenty-five feet is about the practical 
working distance; that is, tin 1 maximum 
distance that a pump cylinder can be 
placed above the water and have it work 
properly. If tin* vertical distance from 
the pump cylinder to tin* low-water level 
in the well is not greater than this a 
pump could be put in as you suggest. 
It is impossible to say whether or not 
the water from your well is pure; some 
of the coldf'sf. sparkling water is con¬ 
taminated. From a sanitary standpoint 
tlie location of the well near the back¬ 
door is bad. as refuse is likely to be 
thrown out here, especially where the 
house is not provided with a sewer sys¬ 
tem. that is likely to find its way into the 
well as seepage. This of course need not 
necessarily be true, as precautions can be 
taken in the disposal of dishwater and 
other house waste that prevent any of it 
finding its way into the well. 
No definite distance can be set down 
as a “safety distance” for a well from a 
source of pollution. The above applies to 
dug wells, as they arc perhaps most sus¬ 
ceptible to pollution. The character of 
the soil and the source of pollution as 
well a; the general slope of the ground 
and the character of the subsoil ail have 
a bearing on this “safety distance.” As 
a general rule in clay or other tight soils 
and where the pollution is at the ground 
surface 100 feet is a sufficient distance to 
guarantee a pure water supply as far as 
the particular source of pollution under 
consideration fs concerned. If the con¬ 
taminating matter is beneath the ground’s 
surface, as in the case of a cesspool, a 
much greater distance may be required. 
Simple precautions toward securing a 
safe wafer supply from a dug well are 
either to make the upper 10 to 15 feet 
of the casing watertight by the use of 
concrete, brick or tiling, or by simply fill¬ 
ing in behind the stonework with tightly 
packed puddled clay. This casing should 
be carried high enough above the sur¬ 
rounding surface to give' good drainage 
and to prevent the entrance of any sur¬ 
face water, and the top covered by a good 
concrete curb. 
Pollution of well waters by seepage 
from private or similar source of contam¬ 
ination is usually indicated by the pres¬ 
ence of chlorine in the water. The pres¬ 
ence of chlorine can be detected by the 
following test: Thoroughly wash and 
rinse in water from the well to be tested 
a glass tumbler. Fill the tumbler half 
full of the well water and add six drops 
of a solution of five grains of nitrate of 
silver in one ounce of distilled water. 
This solution can be made up at a drug 
store. If chlorine is present in any ap¬ 
preciable amount the water will appear 
cloudy when held up against a dark sur¬ 
face. If there is reason to doubt the 
purity of drinking water and chlorine is 
found to be present it is advisable to have 
it tested by a laboratory examination. 
r. rr. s. 
Cistern for Henhouse 
I have a henhouse 300 ft. from dwell¬ 
ing house, elevated 70 ft. above dwelling 
house. Henhouse has a roof surface of 
2 S00 sq. ft I am thinking of-digging a 
cistern at henhouse and piping water to 
house. For a flock of 1.000 chickens 
about what size would la- best to meet 
these requirements? Is the water from 
a composition roofing good, or would tint 
kind of roofing affect the water? What is 
tin' best material and method of filtering 
a cistern? What is the capacity in gal¬ 
lons of a cistern 12 ft. deep, 10 ft. in 
duimeter. and of one S ft. deep and 12 ft. 
in diameter? About what pressure cm 
I get b.v using a 1-in. main? M. M. 
Huntington, W. Va. 
face was stood upright like a wall. 
It is prob-ib'- that the roof that you 
mention would have an effective catching 
area of greater than 2.000 square feet. 
This area in our locality would be capa¬ 
ble of catching about 45.000 gallons of 
water yearly, as we have a rainfall of 
about three feet per year. Under our 
conditions this is reasonably well distrib¬ 
uted, so that storage space for X to 10 
weeks’ suop'y is usually sufficient. 
It is customary to allow at least 25 
gallons of water per person daily for all 
uses. With a family of four tliis would 
mean about 100 gallons daily. You will 
be able to supply a more accurate figure 
for the chickens than the following, but 
suppose that 50 gallons is used by them 
in the same length of time. This gives 
a total of 150 gallons daily to be used at 
the hennery and in the family. A cistern 
10 feet in diameter and 12 feet deep, if 
filled to the top, will contain about 7.040 
gallons, and at the rate of use indicated 
should provide water for about 47 days. 
A tank 12 feet in diameter and X feet, 
dee)) und'T the same conditions would 
hold about 0.700 gallons, or a supply for 
45 days at the rate of use stated. 
It is probable that your composition 
roofing will not affect the water unless 
new. If new it may do so for a time. 
You could easily determine this for your¬ 
self by trying a sample caught during a 
rain for taste and odor. Farmer’s Rulla- 
tin No. 011. obtainable through your Con¬ 
gressman at Washington, will tell you 
more about filters than is possible here. 
It also has much other information rela¬ 
tive to farm water supplies. 
In computing tlje water pressure at the 
house you should deduct the depth of the 
cistern and the distance of the d : scharge 
end of the pipe above the ground at, the 
house, for with the cistern nearly empty 
your water level would be below the 
ground surface at the source of supply. 
Supposing a depth of 12 ft. at the cis¬ 
tern. and that the unstairs faucets are 
15 ft. above the ground level at the house, 
you would still have a head of 43 ft. left, 
which would give a pressure of nearly 10 
lbs. per square inch. With a full cistern 
this would be increased to about 24 lbs., 
each foot of head giving .434 lbs. press¬ 
ure. This pressure would be lessened, 
however, as soon as the faucet was opened. 
With a 1-in. pipe 300 feet in length un¬ 
der a head of 43 feet you could expect 
a flow of approximately 0.5 gallons per 
minute. r. h. ,s. 
A Power Problem 
What size pulleys on a line-shaft are 
required to drive the machines, as repre¬ 
sented by the numbers below, at their re¬ 
spective speeds? 'Pile driving pulley is 
944x014 ins., making 1.000 revolutions 
per minute, and is belted to a 20-in. 
d iven pulley on the shaft. The machines, 
with their required speeds and pulley 
diameters, are as follows: 
i facilities Dia. of Pulley 8peed 
No. 1.20 x.3V, ins.' 300 R. I*. M. 
No. 2.10 x 4V 2 ins. 1.200 It. P. M. 
No. 3.20 x4 ins. 120 11. P.M 
No. 4.14 x3 ins. 000 II. P. M. 
No. 
.> . 
.1144x244 ins. 300 It. P. M. 
What size pulleys are required and what 
is the speed of the line-shaft? ,s. B. 
Livingston Manor, N. Y. 
The speeds of two pulleys that are 
bolted together are in inverse proportion 
to their diameters ; a pulley that is half 
the size of the one driving it will revolve 
twice as fast as the driver. Making use 
of this fact enables ns to formulate the 
following rules for determining pulley 
sizes and speeds: 
1. To determine the speed of the driven 
pulley when the diameter is given and the 
speed and diameter of the driving pulley 
is known : Multiply the diameter of the 
driving pulley bv the revolutions made- 
per minute and divide by the diameter of 
the driven puller. The TiWIt will be the 
revolutions per minute of the driven pul¬ 
ley. 
2 TV> determine the proper diameter of 
a driven pulley to give a required num¬ 
ber of revolutions per minute when the 
speed and diameter of the driving pulley 
are known : Multiply the diameter of 
the driving pulley by the revolutions made 
per minute and divide by the desired num¬ 
ber of revolutions per minute for the 
driven pulley, the result w ill be the diam¬ 
eter of the driven pulley. 
3. To determine the size of the driving 
pulley when the speed and diameter of the 
driven pulley are given : Multiply the 
diameter of the driven pulley by the rev¬ 
olutions made per minute and divide by 
the speed at which the driving pulley 
runs. 
Several factors must be considered in 
planning a cistern—the yearly rainfall, 
the distribution of' this rainfall, the area 
of the catching surfac , the use to which 
the water is to be put are all items that 
affect the size of the cistern. In computing 
the roof area, the projected area or the sur- 
face that would be covered on the ground 
bv lines running from plumb lines dropped 
from each corner of the roof under con¬ 
sideration should be used rather than the 
actual area of the roof. It is easily seen 
that a given surface would intercept the 
most rainfall if laid flat, and that its 
catching power would gradually decrease 
as one side was raised up. giving it slant 
until it would become zero when the sur¬ 
4. To determine the revolutions per 
minute that a driving pulley of certain 
size must make in order that it may drive 
a driven pulley of given diameter at a 
certain required speed: Multiply the 
diameter of the driven pulley by its 
speed and divide the product by the diam¬ 
eter of the driving pulley. 
In each of the above cases the diam¬ 
eters of both pulleys must be in the same 
unit, and for the ordinary sizes the diam¬ 
eter is usually taken in inches. It is seen 
that the diameter of the driving pulley 
and its speed when multiplied together are 
equal to the diameter of the driven pul- 
lev when multiplied b.v its speed, and 
when any three of these four factors are 
known the fourth can be determined by 
multiplying the proper two together anil 
dividing by the other. • 
Applying these rules to the case given 
we would have: 0 5x1.000 (dia. and II. 
P. M. of driving pulley) X 20 in. (dia. 
of driven pulley) = 475 II. P. M. made 
by line shaft. 
To determine the necessary size for pul¬ 
leys on the line shaft to give the machines 
the required speed use ru'e 3. 
Then 20 ins. x 300 -4- 475 — 12.05 ins., 
or 13 ins. diameter to drive machine 
No. 1. 
10 ins. x 1.200 475 = 25 20 ins., or 
25 ins. as diameter for line shaft pulley 
to drive machine No. 2. 
20 ins. x 120 475 = 5.05 ins., or 5 
ins. as required diameter for line shaft 
pulley to drive machine No 3 at required 
speed. 
14 ins ; x 000 -4- 475 — 17.7 ins., or IS 
ins. as required size for line shaft pulley 
to drive machine No. 4 at proper speed. 
11.5 x 300 4 475 rr 7.2(i, or 7 ins., as 
the required diameter for line shaft pul¬ 
ley to drive machine No. 5 at correct 
speed. 
I have gone at some little length to ex¬ 
plain tin' method of working these things 
out in order that 0 may be clear to you, 
and trust you will have io difficulty in 
working out other similar conditions. 
DO YOU NEED FARM HELP ? 
We have many able-bodied young men, with 
and without experience, who wish to work on 
farms. If you need a good, steady man. write 
for an order blank. Ours is a philanthropic 
organization, ami we make no charge to em¬ 
ployer or employee. 
THE JEWISH AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY 
176 Second Avenue New York City 
Subscribers' Exchange 
Other Advertisements of Subscribers’ 
Exchange will be found on page 551. 
FOR SAT.E—-Good ilniry farm of !>0 acres, with 
good buildings: can raise all kinds of crops on 
tliis farm; a bargain at .$2,700. ALBERT LIN- 
NECKE, Scio. N. Y. 
FOR SALE—320-acre farm: 200 acres under cul¬ 
tivation: house, 7 rooms; stables, barns, etc.; 
situated 24 miles from Brandon, Manitoba, Can¬ 
ada; stock and farm implements, comprising 7 
horses, 10 cows, chickens, pigs; tractors 15 and 
20 horsepower, 1 1 '■< horsepower motor; Ford car 
and everything necessary on an up-to-date farm; 
also 4 granaries: price $25,000; terms $0,000 
down, balance on easy payments. Plans and full 
particulars from F. CARPENTER, 424 East 58th 
Street, New York City. 
R. U. S. 
Cistern Water from Snow 
A render wanted to know something 
about a “water supply problem.” We 
build cisterns in the ground in the shape 
of it jug, thi> neck being ft* >m 4 to (i 
feet, the size of the cistern ;ccord ng to 
the wants of the builder. I’erlm >s we 
can illustrate it better by stating tl e pro¬ 
portions of ours. Neck about (*> ft. depth 
19 ft., diameter about 20 ft., bottom about 
3 ft. 
You must have your cistern under 
ground fiir enough to protect the water 
from the sun ; that is. so the w; cer is 
kept cool. We have had water th.,t the 
snow was put in three years befo -e the 
cistern was emptied. Two years there 
was but little snow put into the cistern. 
The w fer was in good order, nr. had 
taste cither from the cistern or from age, 
as our neighbors could testify, who came 
to the cistern for water to use for their 
household, its their cistern had become 
empty. 
Now. if the formation of the earth in 
your inquirer’s neighborhood is such that 
he can cement onto the dirt (walls of the 
cistern) he can have a cistern that will 
cost nert to nothing to keep in repair, 
unless there comes an earthquake. We 
do not use a pump. hut. have a cover that 
covers the cistern, nicely, keeping all 
“creeping things” and some that don’t 
creep from getting too inquisitive and 
try to fall in. 
By using a bucket the water gets 
plenty of air. and keeps in the best of 
shape. We wait till the last of snow in 
the Spring, as at such times you get more 
water in the snow and the-c is less hulk 
to the snow. Don’t, build your cistern 
under the house ; put if where it can get 
air like yourself, and good air. 
Now. it is claimed that snow is not 
pure; neither is the water from the. roof 
of I he house, and very few, if any, water 
systems of cities. We have never heard 
of any fevers being caused b.v us-ng water 
(snow) from this kind of cistern. When 
the cistern is new the water will taste 
from the cement, but bv washing down 
the walls with acid if will obviate that 
difficulty. a. I\ DOW. 
Wyoming, 
Concrete Floor in Chicken-house 
I am planning to build a chicken-house 
and thought of putting in a concrete floor. 
I thought of putting first several inches of 
cinders, then the concrete. Will my floor 
he damp? I see it recommended to put 
one part concrete, then tarred paper, 
finishing with an inch of strong cement. 
Has that proved to be of benefit? What 
prqpqrli i^i of cinders ca'u I use iu the coil- 
Crete? Sana and gravel arc scarce here. 
Keymar, Md. ,r. p. k. 
A concrete floor should lie well under- 
drained, either by the naturally porous 
nature of the soil or b.v using several 
inches of stones beneath the concrete, the 
floor then being raised above the level of 
the surrounding ground, finders may be 
used in making the floor in the propor¬ 
tions of one part cement to from four to 
eight of coal cinders or ashes. 'Phis cin¬ 
der concrete is not as strong as that made 
from sand and gravel, but answers the 
purpose where great strength is not need¬ 
ed. It should be very suitable for a poul¬ 
try house floor where heavy weights do 
not have to he supported and which is 
not exposed to the weather. I would sug¬ 
gest experimenting with a block of con¬ 
crete made from cement and the cinders 
you propose to use, using a proportion of 
one to six. and observing the strength of 
the mixture after it has set and seasoned. 
You may find that a leaner mixture may 
he used, or that more cement is needed 
It.requires much more time for the cin¬ 
der concrete to reach its maximum hard¬ 
ness than that made from sand and grav¬ 
el, and your experimenting should begin 
several weeks before you wish to make the 
floor. A layer of tarred paper is some¬ 
times used in concrete floors to prevent 
the passage of moisture, and cinder con¬ 
crete is very porous, hut. with proper 
drainage, it should not be needed. 
M. II. D. 
FINE country home amt business; State road: 
gasoline station, auto accessories, refresh¬ 
ments, garage and repair shop; 17-room house, 
gas' outbuildings; fruit; two acres land; in v'T- 
lage; Erie station; year 'round big business; 
$10,300: terms. ADVERTISER 8008. care Rural 
New- Yorker. 
--- 
FOR SALE—00-acre fruit farm, in Hudson Val¬ 
ley; young bearing orchards, small fruits: 
three bouses: •aiming and preserving factory; 
established hns'ness. MRS. ,f. R. WESTLAKE, 
R. I>. 2, Newburgh, N. Y. 
WANTED—Farm growing grain, suitable poul¬ 
try; necessary buildings, tools and stock; no 
agents; $1,200 cash. ADVERTISER 8040, care 
Rural New-Yorker. 
Miscellaneous 
HOMES WANTED—We will co-operate with any 
responsible family in placing with them a 
suitable Catholic child, between 7 and 12 years 
of age: our experience and your willingness will 
produce the right results. Address PLACING 
OUT BUREAU, 417 Broome Street, New York. 
BIO SISTER- -KorncR. 1018, offers happy country 
home with seven other children to hoy or girl 
live to fen years old: $10 per week. SDNNY- 
BROOK FARM. Rox 28, Montvale. X. J. 
FOR SALK Guaranteed fresh erys f by dozen or 
crate, pa reel post or express. BOX 53, 
Rhinebeck, N. Y. 
SURE POP white rice corn (old), 25 Ills., parcel 
post llh z lie. $2.(15: 300 lhs. here, $22; on cob, 
$17. W. HALBERT, Oxford, N. Y. 
WANTED -Two modern second-hand tractors; 
also plows, harrow, etc.; must be warranted 
At condition; give complete description and 
price first letter. I.LOYD W. SMITH. Madison, 
N. J. 
PURE Vermont maple syrup, $2.25 a gallon. 
C. W. RICE, Underhill, Vt. 
EMERSON three gang 14-inch bottom tractor 
plows in excellent condition; price $75. ,T. I. 
HERETKR, Gettysburg, Pa. 
WANTED Second hand lime spreader; stale 
price E. G. HOOD, Williamstowu, Yt. 
FOR SALE New pure delicious Vermont maple 
syrup for your griddle cakes, $2.25 gal.; extra 
n'ce maple sugar. IP lb. cans. $2.50; satisfaction 
guaranteed: cash with order. BERT PRES¬ 
COTT. Essex Junction, Vt. 
CHOCOLATES b.v mail. $1 a pound. COUNTRY 
KITCHEN* Weymouth, Mass. 
FOR SALE Portable sawmill in first-class con¬ 
dition. \VM. SNELL. Stroudsburg, f':b 
CHOICE ALFALFA Buy now. IP \(J HAW- 
KINS, General Delivery, Syraci. V. 
“WITH mill: and honey blest" art who 
use Bullion Iloney Chocolates; liouey centers; 
milk chocolate, coating; $1 per lb., postpaid. 
“ENDION,” Naples, N. Y, 
FOR SALE Bees, supplies; complete hive as 
sembled. $5.50. .CHARLES SCI11LKE Matu- 
w;<», N, J,, 
FANCY pure Vermont maple syrup, $2.50 tier 
gallon. W. II. WARREN, North Pom fret, Vt. 
Sot XI), peeled, round, chestnut fence posts, 4 
inches at top end. 50c each in car lots f. o h. 
Otlsville, N. Y. THOMAS PENDELL, Middle- 
town, N. Y. 
BN PR ACTED HON 10 Y. finest (juality, at our 
station. 00-lb. can clover. $10.80; buckwheat. 
$1); 10 lbs. del'vered within 3d postal zone, 
clover, $2.ro : buckwheat, $2.35; 5 lbs either 
$1.40. RAY (\ WILCOX. Odessa, N Y 
- *_*_ 
RURIO Vermont maple syrup for sale; gallon. 
$2.50, not prepaid. D. R. HATCH, Oakland 
Farm, Route 2, Woodstock, Vt. 
FOR SALE — l,ti()0-egg, four-section, hot-water 
Cyphers Company incubator; blue-tlame burner: 
run only* three hatches: good as new; going out 
Of business. w ! !l sell cheap. LE ROY I<\ MERE¬ 
DITH. Jamestown. R. I. 
FOR SALE—Candep Incubator; 2.400-egg ca¬ 
pacity; too small for my business; will sell 
cheap to quick buyer. Inquire of J. X. NACE. 
MeAlisterville, Pa.: R. D. 
MAPLE ST (JAR from the Dills, of old Vermont. 
30c cer round: svrup. $2.50 per gallon. BRUCE 
BUCHANAN, West (Hover, Vt. 
GUARANTEED pure Vermont maple syrup, $2.50 
per gallon, f. «. b. here. E. E. TOUCHETTE, 
Montgomery Center. Vt. 
V--- -— . 
[1 When you write advertisers mention 
I 'H ,e Rural New-Yorker and you’ll get 
1 a quick reply and a "square deal." See 
guarantee ed.torial page. 
