The RURAL NEW-YORKER 
643 
ket and which have proven their dependability. I 
have made a number of tests of these joints before 
placing them in service, and have found them to 
resist pressures equal to those withstood by the pipe. 
Salt-glazed vitrified pipe is the best known mate¬ 
rial for any underground structures, as it is proof 
against action by any of the acids found in soils or 
any of the alkaline waters so common to many dis¬ 
tricts. It will not disintegrate or deteriorate under 
any conditions, and will remain perfectly clean, no 
matter what the water passing through it may con¬ 
tain. With ordinary care this pipe can be laid so 
there will be no danger of breakage, and will be as 
strong as any of the light iron pipe usually provided 
for low water pressure lines. In every instance 
where any line of salt-glazed vitrified pipe has failed 
it has been found due to poor installation and not to 
the material itself. A line of this salt-glazed vitri¬ 
fied pipe properly laid Avill cost less by one-lmlf at 
least than any other material that can be put in the 
ground capable of giving the same service. There 
are few available records of this material in service 
for the conveyance of portable waters, but it lias 
great possibilities and is worthy of consideration. 
Philadelphia, Pa. it. t. shelley. 
Marker fur Onion Hows. Fig. 2^4 
TIME REQUIRED.—We spent 33 man hours, usu¬ 
ally at odd times, in mixing this material. Our ma¬ 
terial cost us, therefore, $.0015 per lb. for mixing, 
and $.033 per Il>. for the ingredients, or less than 
$.0314 per lb. Prepared dusting mixtures sell usu¬ 
ally from 7 to 10c per lb. The purchase of ready- 
mixed materials, therefore, increases the cost of dust¬ 
ing from two to three times. Many thoughtful fruit 
growers are deterred from using dust because of the 
excessive cost of prepared mixtures. The most im¬ 
portant fact brought out by our experience is the 
piesent saving in doing our own mixing. 
QUANTITY USED.—We iise per tree approxi¬ 
mately 214 lbs. of dust in 414 applications. The 
amount per tree increases greatly with the growth 
o! the leaves and fruit. For example, we use less 
Ilian 14 lb. per tree in the early applications, and 
over I 11). per tree in the last applications. It took 
u- 122 man hours and 122 horse hours to dust our 
trees last year. The man hours cost us 40c per 
hour, and the horse hours 33c per hour. r Ulie latter 
figure is excessive, due to local causes. Our actual 
labor cost of dusting was therefore $80.00, or $.0287 
per tree: the cost of the material is $.0968 per tree, 
making a total cost per tree of $.1255. 
R. N.-Y.—We have had considerable correspondence 
about this, for many readers seem to think I ho glazed 
tile would be better than metal for carrying water 
to the house, if it is strong enough to withstand 
ordinary water pressure. 
Dusting Peaches in Mercer County, N. J. 
H OW WE CAME TO DUST.—At the annual 
meeting of the New Jersey Horticultural 
Society in December, 1918, my brother and 1 first 
heard of dusting. We were attracted to this method 
of insect and fungus control because of the scarcity 
in labor, and because of the consequent difficulties 
ii taking care of our fruit at the proper time. After 
coming home from the horticultural meeting we got 
in touch with Prof. A. ,T. Farley at the New Jersey 
Experiment Station, and secured from him valuable 
assistance in working out detailed dusting plans. 
THE rEANT.— Our farm is situated 10 miles 
north of Trenton in northern Mercer County, just 
where the hills of North Jersey begin. It consists 
of 150 acres, lying on a south slope, 
with the top elevation about 300 feet 
above sea level. The soil is a heavy 
clay with enough mixture of sand¬ 
stone rock to give it good drainage. 
Peaches are our main crop. In 1919 
we had in the neighborhood of 3,700 
bearing trees, and a year later about 
3,100. The varieties are Greensboro, 
Hiley. Carman. Elberta, Late Craw¬ 
ford, Chair’s Choice and Bray’s Rare¬ 
ripe. In the .Spring of 1919 we pur¬ 
chased a duster, large sizes .muted it 
on a regular low-wheeled farm wagon, 
on which was placed three 12-t't. planks. 
For economy’s sake wo used our sprayer 
engine for the duster. This has neeos 
sitated our changing back several times 
during Iho year to spray our apples, 
because we have continued the use ol' 
wet spray for them in Summer. This 
Summer we expect to try out dusting 
on apples in a limited way. We took 
off tI k* limited outlet of the duster soon 
after it arrived, and had a special heavy 
tin spout made which comes straight 
out from the machine and allows the 
outlet hose to be used to shoot the dust 
up under the foliage. 
OPERATION.—During the last two 
years our general plan has been to put 
three dusts on all our peaches in May 
and two dusts just before picking on 
the early and mid-season varieties. For 
example, in 1920. with a season that 
started out two weeks late, we dusted 
on May 10. May 20 and June 1 all our 
varieties. On July 21 we dusted all of 
our early peaches and Elbertas. On 
August 4 we dusted Carmans, on Au¬ 
gust 10 Hileys, and on August 26 El¬ 
bertas, Crawford’s and Chair's Choice. 
We did not dust our Bray’s Rareripe 
before picking. The first three dusts 
were chiefly to control curculio. Dur¬ 
ing the seven years we have been rais¬ 
ing peaches on this farm we have never 
had any scab, even though sometimes 
our spraying was not thorough enough 
to control curculio and brown rot. 
DUST MATERIALS.—We made up our own dust 
mixtures, using first a barrel churn, and then a flour 
mixer to mix our materials. We find that it is much 
cheaper and more satisfactory to make up our own 
materials, even fhough it is a nasty job. For the 
first dust we used a mixture of 90 lbs. of lime and 
10 lbs. of lead. For the second and third dusts we 
used 65 lbs. of sulphur, 25 lbs. of lime and 10 ihs. 
of lead. During the last season in 1920 our super¬ 
fine dusting sulphur cost us 2»4 cents per II). our 
lime almost I cent per lb. and our lead 29 cents per 
lb., all delivered to our station. This year the price 
of arsenate of lead has taken a drop. We are buying 
it for 21 cents per lb. which will constitute quite a 
saving in our mixtures. 
COSTS.—-On our 3,1 (Hi eight-year-okl peach trees 
we used 8.600 lbs. of dust during the season of 1920. 
The various amounts and costs were as follows: 
5,880 lbs. sulphur at 2 , 4<‘ per lb. $147.00 
2,400 lbs. lime at lc per lb. 24.00 
400 lbs. load at 29c per lb. 116.00 
Total 
$287.00 
RESULTS.—It has not been possible for us to 
compare our dusting costs with spraying costs, owing 
to the lack of detailed figures on spraying, but our 
total figures show us no great saving in cost. We 
believe the two methods have cost about the same. 
Where the dusting saves on labor it spends on ma¬ 
terial. On the other hand, we have been able to take 
(are of our orchards at the proper time and have 
bad better control of the curculio and brown rot dur¬ 
ing the last two years than ever before, even though 
the seasons were especially favorable to brown rot. 
Another result of dusting has been better color on 
our fruit, due. we believe, to the late dustings 10 
days before picking. On the whole, we are glad we 
made the change to dusting, and expect to continue 
the practice. jebseyman. 
Marker for Onion Rows 
T HE picture at Fig. 244 shows a tool quite gen¬ 
erally used on the garden farms of Southern 
New Jersey. It is designed for marking rows for 
planting onion sets and similar crops 
which must be put quite close together 
at regular spaces. The spikes at the 
outer edge of the round frame pick 
into the soil as the machine is pushed 
ahead, and thus mark three rows at a 
time. 
Aggtging Dust to Peach Trees. Fig. 2fgj 
Machine for J hogging Onion Sets. Fig. 2^6 
House-fly and Stable Manure 
Will you explain the relation between 
the ordinary house-fly and stable manure? 
s. B. 
I N the life history of the common 
house-fly it has been settled that 
nearly all the eggs are laid in horse 
manure, where they hatch and develop. 
While these eggs are sometimes laid in 
other kinds of manure or other kinds 
of filth, the vast proportion are laid in 
horse manure. If the flies can be kept 
from the manure, or if it can bo treated 
with some substance which will destroy 
the eggs, the fly pest will be reduced. 
You will always notice a great abund¬ 
ance 1 of flies around livery stables or 
where horse manure is left exposed. 
Where only one or two horses are kept 
the fly nuisance can be greatly helped 
by keeping the manure in fly-proof 
sheds. A small manure shed is made 
with wire screens at windows and 
doors. The manure is wheeled into this 
shed several times a day as made, and 
the screened doors are kept closed. The 
flies are unable to enter and get to the 
manure, with the result that few eggs 
are hatched. This has been worked 
out in many cases, and its success thor¬ 
oughly demonstrated. Where the ma¬ 
nure can he hauled away each day and 
spread in some distant field or plowed 
under, the fly nuisance will be helped. 
Various substances have been used to 
destroy the eggs in manure. A solution 
of borax sprinkled over the manure will 
help, but when too much of this is used 
the effect upon the manure is bad. Acid 
phosphate and German potash salt, 
known as kainit. will help destroy 
many eggs. We have found “Barium 
