794 
Tht RURAL NEW.YORKER 
June 4, 
"RED CROSS” 
Prize Range 
—with Reservoir and High Warming Closet 
T HE “Red Cross” PRIZE—handsomely enameled in 
gray—is a moderate priced, thoroughly reliable- range 
that will give many years of satisfaction and more than full 
value for every dollar of its 
cost. It is made of a very 
high grade of material and 
embodies all the advantages 
of “Red Cross” Stoves. 
Bakes unusually well, 
soft coal or wood. 
Burns hard or 
The “Red Cross” PRIZE 
can be furnished in any de¬ 
sired style—with or without 
gas attachment, gas oven 
broiler, high warming closet 
or high steel shelf. 
Our 60 years experience in 
the manufacture of cooking and 
heating appliances is your guar¬ 
antee of “Red Cross” Ranges. 
WRITE for further information 
and the name of the “Red 
Cross” dealer nearest to you. 
CO-OPERATIVE FOUNDRY COMPANY 
Manufacturers of “RED CROSS’ ’ Stoves, Ranges and Furnaces 
ROCHESTER, N. Y. CHICAGO, ILL. 
A Primer of Economics 
By John J. Dillon 
Part XXVII 
(This article should have preceded the 
one last week on foreign exchange, which 
was printed first by an error. If last 
week’s article is read again following this 
one the subject will be better understood.) 
EXCHANGE AND VALUE 
What is exchange? 
Exchange is the machinery adopted by 
modern society , to distribute utilities and 
to apportion the fruits of production to 
the landlord, the capitalist, the laborer, 
and the entrepreneur. Money is a medi¬ 
um of this system; value and price are 
the weights and measure of its operations. 
What conditions are necessary that 
anything may have an exchange value? 
That anything may have value, it must 
have what is called utility; it must serve 
some purpose; it must satisfy some want, 
or gratify some desire. There must also 
be some difficulty in the attainment of it. 
Utility means that the commodity must 
have some use; that it must satisfy some 
want or gratify some desire. This is evi¬ 
dent. No one would give up something 
that served a useful purpose for another 
thing that served no purpose. So, too, 
with difficulty of attainment; no matter 
how useful a thing may be. if one could 
get it gratis, he would not accept it in 
exchange for things that cost him effort 
to attain. No one would pay for air and 
sunlight or the power of gravitation, be¬ 
cause they are free to all ; but free nat¬ 
ural products sometimes acquire value 
when it is necessary to spend effort to put 
ourselves in possession of them. Large 
quantities of huckleberries grow on the 
open mountains in the Adirondacks. They 
are free to anyone who cares to take 
them ; but the work of gathering them is 
irksome, and the Summer colonists prefer 
mg* *> 
RED CROSS" 
PRIZE RANGE 
BUTTERMILK 
Sterilized, pastuerized and modified is 
undoubtedly the most economical and 
still one of the very best poultry and 
hog tonics and apetizers you can get 
for any money. That’s what you get in 
MILKOLINE 
Comes modified. One part Milkoline to SO 
parts water or swill. Will not sour, mould 
or rot. Keeps indefinitely in any climate. For 
free interesting feeding book and prices write 
Anderson & Scofield, Fishkill, N. J. 
o r 
Gerhart & Pagels, Trenton, N, J. 
MINERAL’ 
mass 
over 
HEAVER 
COMPOUND 
Booklet 
Free_ 
$3.25 Box guaranteed to srive satisfaction or money back. 
$1.10 Box Sufficient for ordinary cases. (Includes War Tax.) 
MINERAL HEAVE REMEDY C0„ 461 Fourth Ave., Pittsburgh Pa 
Water Power 
Make your own electricity. A small stream gives 
electric lights, running water and power. 
FITZ STFEL WATER WHEEL 
develops the full power of the stream, needs no 
care, costs noth inf ikr run, lasts a lifetime. 
Measure your stream—our free book tells how. 
Fit* Water Wheel Co., Hanover. Pa. 
Makers of all types of farm water wheels 
TEA & COFFEE by PARCEL POST 
JAMES VAN DYK CO. 
50 BABCLAV ST., NEW YORK 
See Rural New-Yorker dated May 21, Page 743 
100 STORES IN THIRTY CITIES 
Make your Tub a 
Mfoshing Machine 
D&shes Clothes Gean 
in 10 Minutes 
1/ariinm fiiinc W0lk so easily, child can 
vacuum cups d0 it No olectrical or 
■water power necessary. Sent on thirty 
days’ free trial. Easy monthly payments. 
Send postal card for how to save work 1 
BURLINGAME MFG. CO. 
611 Sunset Ave. Syracuse, N. Y. 
Reid’s 
MILK COOLER 
Get one now. Save the 
usual sour milk losses. 
Drives out animal odors 
and grassy flavor. By 
far the most efficient 
and easily cleaned 
cooler made. Reason¬ 
ably prompt shipment 
of orders. 
Write for prices at once 
or ask your dealer. 
A. H. REID CREAMERY 
AND DAIRY SUPPLY CO. 
69th St. and Haverlord Ave. 
Box o, Philadelphia, Pa. 
FARM WAGONS 
High or low wheels— 
steel or wood— wide 
or narrow tires. 
Wagonparts of all 
kinds. t> wheels to fit 
any running gear. 
C.telog illustrated in colors fr#e. 
Co., 48 Ela SI..Quincy,IIL 
New York State FARMS 
making farms for sale. We have a size, location and 
price to please you. Stock and tools included on many of 
them. MANDEVILLE REAL ESTATE AGENCY, Inc., Oepl. I, Olean, N. T. 
MILK TICKETS 
Latest, sanitary style. Stop losses. Save time. Free 
Delivery. Free samples. TRAVERS BROS , Oepf R, Gardner Mass, 
When you write advertisers mention The R. N.-Y. and you’ll get a 
quick reply and a “square deal.” See guarantee editorial page. 
to pay the natives from 10 to 20 cents a 
quart for delivering them at their homos, 
rather than make the necessary effort to 
gather the berries for themselves. 
FREE NATURAL GIFTS 
Air and water and electric energy are 
free to all. When we pay for air in a 
balloon, for water in a city flat and elec¬ 
tricity in the storage battery, we do not 
really pay for the free natural agencies, 
but for the labor and machinery neces¬ 
sary to make them available for our par¬ 
ticular and peculiar uceds. In cities we 
seem to pay for sunlight. Where houses 
are crowded to gether, sunlight is prac¬ 
tically excluded, and a high rent is paid 
for detached or corner houses, because of 
the abundance of air and sunlight in the 
open spaces. Land is one of nature’s 
free gifts to mankind; hut it is limited 
in quantity, and because it is limited it is 
subject to monopoly. Lands in favored 
positions are sought by people who are 
able to pay good prices for them. The 
favored locations are limited and the com¬ 
petition for them increases the price and 
the rental. The tenant, however, does 
not pay for the air -or the sunlight. lie 
pays for a favored piece of land. An 
elevation of land overlooking a lake or 
the ocean may command, for a home site, 
ten times the price of adjacent low lands. 
Neither the owner nor the tenant pays for 
the lake or the ocean. They pay for the 
land because it secures them a position 
from whence they may enjoy undisturbed 
one of nature’s gifts. The tenant in the 
corner city house pays high rent for the 
same reason. 
DOMESTIC EXCHANGE 
In a broad sense, exchange means the 
business of buying and selling commodi¬ 
ties or services. It is trade or business, 
and domestic exchange is the trade of the 
people of one country among themselves. 
The term “exchange” in a restricted sense, 
however, has come to mean not tb busi¬ 
ness or actual exchange of commodities, 
nor even the negotiations for the contract, 
but the system by which the money is 
transferred from the buyer to the seller, 
after the goods change hands. In local 
trade, between neighbors, one commodity 
may be exchanged for another. We call 
it barter. Neighbors may also buy of and 
sell to each other for cash or credit. 
In either case, the final settlement is 
made between the parties themselves. In 
our complicated system of trade, however, 
the principals to a transaction cannot al¬ 
ways meet and make payments in cash. 
An egg dealer in California sells a carload 
of eggs for $4,000 to a jobber in New 
York. A manufacturer in New York sells 
an automobile for $4,000 to a dealer in 
California. It would be a wasteful prac¬ 
tice to send this money in both directions 
across the continent. The New York egg 
jobber sends a check to the California egg 
dealer. The California automobile dealer 
sends a check to the New York manu¬ 
facturer. Other accounts of the same 
nature are daily liquidated in the same 
way. New York banks have a large num¬ 
ber of California checks. California has 
a large number of Now York checks. 
Through their clearing houses and reserve 
banks they exchange one check for an¬ 
other and adjust the differences between 
themselves. The banks debit and credit 
the amounts on their books and'charge a 
small percentage for service, and the 
liquidation of the accounts is completed 
without a dollar of money changing hands, 
except to adjust balances occasionally be¬ 
tween the banks. If, instead of checks, a 
sight or time draft accompanies the ship¬ 
ment. the result is practically the same, 
except that interest is charged on the time 
draft and the instrument of credit, which 
is the draft, initiates with the seller. In 
the first instance the instrument of credit 
was the cheek, and it originated with the 
buyer. This settlement, of accounts be¬ 
tween business houses of our own country 
is called domestic exchange. 
Mash for Young Chicks 
Will you give me the best formula you 
know for a mash for growing chicks? I 
expect to feed a commercial milk mash 
until six weeks old, or perhaps two 
months. J- o. c. 
Flemington, N. ,T. 
I know of no better formula for grow¬ 
ing chicks than the following: Equal 
parts (by weight) of cornmeal, wheat 
middlings, wheat bran, ground oats and 
beef scrap. It does not differ from the 
mash much used in feeding mature fowls 
except that, for chicks under six weeks of 
age the ground oats should be sifted to 
remove coarse hulls, aud the beef scrap 
should also have the coarser pieces of 
bone and meat removed. The food re¬ 
quirements of chicks and mature fowls 
are the same, though the former utilize 
all food in body maintenance and growth, 
while the latter use a surplus, if they have 
it, for reproduction. Milk should not be 
forgotten in preparing a ration for young 
chicks. It should be fed in some form as 
liberally as possible, and continued as 
long as it can be gotten. M. b. d. 
Trouble in Hatching Ducks 
I have two ducks and one drake. White 
Pekin. They have free range and water 
all of the time, and I feed them the food 
advised in Farmers’ Bulletin <*4. 1 set 
eight hens on the ducks’ eggs, and gave 
nine eggs to each hen. They seem to be 
all right until hatching, but most of 
them die in their shells. The eggs are 
fertile. The most I get is four out of 
nine. I sprinkle them with warm water 
the last week of hatching. Should T turn 
the eggs myself or leave it. to t 1 m- hen? 
Chatham, N. Y. mrs. r. s. 
Probably the shell was too tough f<li¬ 
the little fellows to break, and should 
he sprinkled oftener. It is well to begin 
sprinkling about the second week. For 
the second and third weeks, sprinkle 
about every second or third day. The 
last week sprinkle every day with warm 
water. In making the nest, it. is well 
to put a sod or some dirt, iu the bottom, 
then hollow it out in nest shape and 
cover with hay or straw. The earth holds 
the moisture better than any other ma¬ 
terial. I hardly think it possible to get 
too much moisture, provided, of course, 
that it is warm and does not. break up 
the hen from sitting. If the germ is 
good and strong and the shell is softened 
with water, I know of no reason why 
you should not hatch almost every egg, 
although sometimes when the germ is 
rather weak the ducklings seem to have 
trouble to break out. It is not necessary 
to turn the eggs under hens. Do not be 
discouraged if they seem to come very 
slowly. Sometimes it takes them five 
weeks or even longer, so wait at least 
that long before throwing out the eggs. b. 
Powdered Milk for Chicks 
It being impossible to buy raw or skim- 
milk at a reasonable price, which would 
you regard as the most desirable for feed¬ 
ing to baby chicks, powdered milk, pow¬ 
dered buttermilk or cottage cheese? 
Would it be advisable to feed the butter¬ 
milk or skim-milk iu the powdered form 
in hoppers, allowing the chicks to eat as 
much as they want? I have noticed the 
milk in powdered form quoted in price 
currents at 10 to 12c per lb. by the bar¬ 
rel. c. E. c. 
New Jersey. 
As skim-milk and buttermilk have prac¬ 
tically the same feeding value, I do not 
see that it would make much difference 
which was fed in powdered form, and I 
think that it is powdered skim-milk, not 
powdered whole milk, to which you refer. 
Cottage cheese is the curd, usually from 
skim-milk, and when prepared for human 
consumption, having cream, salt aud but¬ 
ter added. There is some little food 
value in the whey left after the curd is 
removed in making cottage cheese and 
powdered skim-milk should be of slightly 
higher feeding value because of the reteu- 
tion of the mineral and other constitu¬ 
ents lost when the whey is discarded. The 
difference ie slight, however. Powdered 
milk is usually mixed with water and the 
solution given as drink, the chicks being 
given all that they want. A substitute 
for all of these may be found in the con¬ 
densed buttermilk on the market. This 
is buttermilk condensed to the consistency 
of a thick paste. It may be diluted to 
any desired degree, one to seven of water 
being recommended by manufacturers of 
the product. This buttermilk has been 
much used in recent years, and has given 
excellent satisfaction as a substitute for 
skim-milk or fluid buttermilk.. M. u. d. 
