1030 
there is more danger of loss from stockyards fever 
■when shipments are made during cold weather, and 
with freight rates so high feeders are costly after 
they have been shipped a thousand miles, and after 
they have been loaded and unloaded at the feeding 
stations. 
With black and white dairy calves you pick them 
up locally at small cost; they can be wintered cheap¬ 
ly. and when old enough to breed or to freshes one 
can either sell them locally, else drive or ship them 
to adjacent dairy districts. The loss of a few 
heifers from tuberculosis will not be felt, while the 
loss of a few steers from shipping fever, two or three 
in a carload of 30. will very likely make a big hole 
in the profits. If I were in a dairy section or in a 
dairy district. I am sure I would raise or buy dairy 
heifers rather than ship in steers from stockyard 
centers. What few steers one might pick up locally 
would most likely be dairy crosses, and the only 
service that such animals can render is to work over 
coarse roughages and feeds into available plant food. 
If you can pick up a few real beef steers locally and 
buy them when they are young, shortly after being 
weaned, and provided the local buyer will play fair 
with you and buy them when they are ready for mar¬ 
ket at a price based on Chicago prices, you have a 
chance to make some cheap manure, and possibly a 
few new dollars—surely some useful experience. 
1 wish I knew what the New Year might bring. I 
believe that the prices of hogs will go down in No¬ 
vember and December, for now it is slightly out of 
range, considering the market value of corn. There 
is a scarcity of feeders, and steers are apt to remain 
firm; yet heavy steers that feeders are holding over 
are apt to be discounted when marketed, largely be¬ 
cause heavy sides are usually exported and there are 
very few calls from the other side at. this time. The 
corn crop in the grain belt was never more promis¬ 
ing; in fact, it is about two or three weeks ahead of 
its season, which means that it will mature before 
frost can possibly do any damage. The pastures are 
short and dry, the hay crop light, and feed bins and 
feed storage rooms in sections where feeds are pur¬ 
chased are having their sides and bottoms scraped. 
When the prices commence to advance on basic pro¬ 
ducts, buying is apt to begin and it is about the only 
stimulus that starts things. 
1 have abounding faith in the live stock feeding 
and breeding business. It has virtually made this 
country, section by section. However, the breeders 
who feed out the animals they breed or grow and de¬ 
velop usually are more prosperous than the fellow 
farmer who buys cows for his dairy or feeders for 
his feed lot. This is the basis for my belief that 
some day many of our landowners and tenants will 
adopt a more diversified system of farming and 
stock raising, notably in sections adapted to general 
farming, and that each agricultural community will 
be prompted to produce a wider range of foods and 
farm products. We shall always have our intensified 
and specialized crop sections, but let us hope that 
more of our farmers will see more tracks of the 
golden hoof, hear unfamiliar squeals from the pork 
maker, and that many will be awakened to the ad¬ 
vantages and compensations accompanying mixed 
farming. f. c. minkler. 
Running Pump with Gasoline Engine 
I have a windmill which pumps water for the house 
and stock. Not every year, but more than once this 
year, the wind has failed to blow for days, and conse¬ 
quently the tank is empty. I have a pump-jack, diam¬ 
eter of fully 12 inches, and wish to use a Ford as motor 
power. All the iron pulleys I use are bored for shap¬ 
ing. and could not very easily be put on the hind axle of 
a Ford. Would the ordinary hind wheel of a car, with 
tires off, with a belt on, work? If not, as 1 fancy it 
would in any case be too great diameter, is there any 
pulley made that would clamp on to the spokes of a 
car wheel? What would be the right diameter to cor¬ 
respond to a 12-inch one on the jack? I thought if 
tins could be done it would save buying a gasoline 
engine, which might not be used once a year. A. n. m. 
Warrenton, Va. 
T HERE are a number of attachments that can be 
furnished a Ford which enables the owner to 
use it as power. These you will find advertised in 
the various farm papers, and it seems that some one 
of them should meet your needs. Fig. 437 is a 
suggestive sketch that may enable you to work up 
a pulley of your own, or rather, have it worked up 
at the local wood-working shop. The large flange 
i< made of the right diameter to fit beneath the rim 
and against the felloe of the rear wheel. If the car 
is provided with demountable rim openings may be 
cut in this disk to provide for the rim clamps. A 
pulley is then built up on this disk of sufficient 
thickness to permit the use of a belt without remov¬ 
ing the tire—about 5 to 6 inches. A hole is bored 
out of the center large enough to permit slipping 
the arrangement over the wheel huh and the whole 
IW RURAL NEW-YORKER 
clamped to the wheel by the use of three blocks 
placed back of the spokes, holts passing through the 
disk first mentioned and through these blocks permit 
clamping the arrangement up with a wrench. 
The axle should he supported on a horse while in 
use, rather than left standing on the jack, and care 
should also be exercised to see that the machine 
stands about level to insure that the engine gets 
proper lubrication while running. As to the si :e of 
this pulley, it is probable that a 10 or 12-inch size 
would he satisfactory, as there is opportunity with 
so light a load as a pump would make of regulating 
the speed to a great extent with <he throttle. Your 
pump should make from 35 to 40 strokes per minute, 
and you can adjust the throttle to secure this speed. 
This device is suggested for temporary use only. As 
one wheel remains stationary, the differential of the 
car receives all of the load, and if the load is at all 
heavy or the device used to any extent it would 
result in wear. Where a ear is to he used at all 
regularly for belt work it should be arranged to 
take the power from both rear wheels instead of 
one. For temporary use. however, the above may 
serve your purpose. r. h. s. 
The Control of Pear Psylla 
[The following observations on the control of this 
pest are reported by L. F. Strickland and J. P. Haughey, 
inspectors of the Bureau of Plant Industry. The psylla 
is causing great concern in the pear growing sections 
of New York.] 
o 
BSERVATIONS made on July 11, 1021, in the 
orchard of S. Wright McCollum, Loekport, N. 
Y„ resulted in a series of tests which opens a new 
field of attack in (lie control of pear psylla, both 
Clamp to go back 
of SDokes- 
PULLEV 
for 
PEAR WHEEL 
Pulley to Vue Power from Automobile. Fiy. J/37 
from an experimental and practical point of view. 
This orchard lias been under a series of dusting 
operations during the season. The applications were 
made for the first and second brood nymphs. At 
the time of the first operation counts on 25 spurs 
from the trees showed an average infestation of 50 
nymphs per spur. Counts made the day following 
the dusting application proved that an average in¬ 
festation of 8.8 nymphs per spur remained in the 
orchard, resulting in a heavy brood of eggs and 
nymphs. By June IS this second brood of psylla 
nymphs were in the most susceptible period for 
attack. But the work against the nymphs was not 
started until July 3, and finished on July 8, at which 
period a vast majority of the psylla were in the 
adult stage. 
During an observation trip to the orchard on July 
11 the above writers found astonishing results had 
been secured in that psylla adults were conspicuously 
absent. No record of experimental data showing 
the susceptibility of psylla flics to nicotine (lust was 
known to the authors. These exceptional results 
were called to the attention of the division of ento¬ 
mology of the New York Experiment Station. Imme¬ 
diately a series of tests to determine the killing 
power of nicotine dust when directed against the 
adult psylla were undertaken in Niagara County, F. 
Y* llartzell of the Vineyard Laboratory at Fredonia 
co-operating in the work. Several orchards were 
selected for the tests. Small trees were chosen to 
facilitate the work, as a hand duster was employed 
in these operations. A large sheet was spread on 
the ground under each tree before dusting. It was 
marked off into squares to make the counting more 
rapid and accurate. No particular time of day was 
chosen, as no apparent difference was noted between 
the results obtained in the morning or afternoon. 
The daily temperature ran above 80 degrees Fahren¬ 
heit throughout these tests. A thorough application 
of dust was applied to each tree, and after an 
August 20, 1921 
interval of five minutes the trees were shaken and 
actual counts of dead psylla on the sheets were 
made. 
The orchard of Mi'. Strong had been sprayed for 
first brood nymphs. The block of Mr. Coates had 
been sprayed for both first and second brood nymphs. 
Tlie orchard of Mr. Butts had been dusted for the 
first and second brood nymphs. The previous opera¬ 
tions in the McKay orchard at < Jen ova are not 
known. From these tests there appears to he no 
difference in the killing power of the three dusts 
used, but the lime-nicotine dust contains better 
carrying and covering qualities. Further investiga¬ 
tions in the control of psylla by dusting during the 
adult stage are under way. 
The following table gives the data secured in the 
various orchards: 
S USCKPTIBT LIT Y OF 
PEAR PSYLLA 
DUSTS 
FOES TO NICOTINE 
Orchard and 
Location 
F. C. Strong. 
Loekport, N. 
Do. 
Tree 
No. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
W. S. Coates, 
Darker. N. Y. 
Do. 
II. T.Utts. 
Youngst.’n, N. 
Do. 
S. W. MeOollnm, 
Loekport, N. V. 
Do. 
McKay’s, 
Oeneva. N. Y. 
Y. 
Date 
Dust 
No, Adult 
Dusted 
Used 
Psylla Killed 
1921 
Sulphur 55% 
July 21 
Lime 15% 
Nicotine 2.2% 
Inert 28% 
Sulphur 55% 
1,881 
July 22 
Lime 15% 
Nicotine 2.2 % 
Inert 28% 
Sulphur 55% 
2.029 
July 22 
Lime 15% 
Nicotine 2.2 % 
Inert 28% 
Sulphur 08% 
2.427 
July 22 
Nicotine 2% 
Inert 30% 
Sulphur 08% 
2.877 
July 22 
Nicotine 2% 
Inert 28% 
Lime 97.8% 
1.054 
July 22 
Nicotine 2.2% 
Lime 97.8% 
5,092 
July 22 
Nicotine 2.2% 
Lime 97.8% 
835 
July 25 
Nicotine 2.2% 
5,724 
July 25 
Lime 97.8% 
Nicotine 2.2% 
Lime 97.8% 
5.329 
July 20 
Nicotine 2.2% 
109 
July 20 
Lime 97.8% 
July 20 
Nicotine 2.2% 
Lime 97.8% 
970 
Nicotine 2.2% 
2.538 
July 20 
Lime 97.8% 
Nicotine 2.2% 
Lime 97.8% 
895 
July 27 
Nicotine 2.2% 
7,594 
Lime on Apple Trees 
I have a young orchard of apples, pears, cherries, 
etc., planted two years ago ; the ground is quite heavy, 
but the trees seem to be doing nicely and making a good 
growth. To my knowledge this land has never received 
any lime, and I wondered if it would not be a good idea 
to give this laud a good eoat of lime. At the present 
time I just harvested rye from between the rows of 
trees. I keep the ground around the trees cultivated I 
put a seeding of clover on last Spring, but on account 
of a long drought it did not catch, so I shall have to 
plow this up again. Would you plow this ground com¬ 
paratively early and harrow in a good coating of lime? 
If so. how much ground limestone would you put to the 
acre? I had thought of putting in a heavy seeding of 
vetch and rye, same to lie plowed under next Spring, 
and followed by a crop of Canada peas and oats, to be 
plowed under and followed next Fall bv wheat with a 
Timothy seeding. I have been told that it would be 
much better for me to put on wheat this Fall, with my 
seeding. Which do you think would be of the most 
benefit to my land? r. m. h. 
W'; 
have never found that apple trees respond 
freely to the use of lime. The apple seems to 
prefer a soil that is slightly acid. While of course 
the wood i growth requires a ‘considerable quantity of 
lime, it cannot be said that an apple orchard is 
greatly in need of that element. If. however, your 
plan is to grow cover crops in the orchard, and 
especially if you include clover, the lime will he a 
necessity. We should use ground limestone under 
such conditions; at least a ton to the acre. Your 
plan is a good one. We should add the limestone 
after plowing this Fall and at the time of seeding 
the vetch and rye. If that is not convenient, lime¬ 
stone can be used next Spring, when the crop of 
vetch and rye is plowed under, before the seeding 
of oats and pegs. If your object is to increase the 
amount of organic matter in tlie soil, the rye will 
he better than the wheat to seed along with the 
vetch, as the rye will give a larger growth, and 
thus add more to the soil. Of course if you intend 
to seed Alfalfa in this orchard you will have to use 
more limestone in order to get that crop started. 
You must remember that while it is possible, on 
suitable soils, to keep an orchard in good condition 
by mulching, you cannot expect to take out crops of 
grain or grass and still have a good orchard. If 
you expect to keep these trees in sod. either plow all 
the sod under or cut all the crops and leave them on 
top of the soil. 
A Southern doctor writes us that the cotton boll- 
weevil may be relied upon eventually to wipe out pel¬ 
lagra in the South. 11 is reason is that the weevil will 
make cotton unprofitable in many sections. That will 
make it necessary for farmers to grow other crops and 
produce milk, eggs, garden truck and fruit. Pellagra 
will be impossible with this improved ration, 
