1274 
7be RURAL NEW.YORKER 
October 29, 1921 
HOMELITE 
The Portable Electric Light and Power Plant 
NOT THE LOWEST PRICE BUT THE CHEAPEST AND BEST 
ELECTRIC LIGHT 
for 
Home, Barn, Store and Camp 
ELECTRIC POWER 
for 
Iron, Vacuum Cleaner, Pump 
or any machine up to 
Vz H. P. 
Special Foundation is required. 
Separate Gasoline Tank or Piping necessary. 
Cooling Water—Homelite is air cooled. 
Ignition Trouble—Simms High Tension Magneto is used. 
Manufactured by 
THE SIMMS MAGNETO CO., East Orange, N. J. 
Distributed by 
Smith-Meeker Eng. Co., 123 Liberty St., N. Y. 
Write for circular with description and price 
Weight: 100 Pounds 
Capacity: 400 Watts 
SAVE HALF Your 
Paint Bills 
BY USING Ingersoll Paint. 
PROVED BEST by 77 years’ tise. It 
will please you. The ONLY PAINT en¬ 
dorsed by the “GRANGE” for 45 years. 
Made in all colors—for all purposes. 
Get my FREE DELIVERY offer. 
From Factory Direct to You at Wholesale Prices. 
INGERSOLL PAINT BOOK-FREE 
ret Is all about Paint and Paintinjr for Durability. Valu¬ 
able information FREE TO YOU with Sample Cards. 
Write me. DO IT NOW. I WILD SAVE YOU MONEY. 
Oldest Ready Mixed Paint House in America—Estab. 1842 
0 . W. Ingersoll, 246 Plymouth St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
iMPBortDJUKRlff 
Nt 40 
DUPIXX k 
fTujro re¬ 
ductions on the 
famous Ross Improved 
Duplex Feed Mills. Farm¬ 
ers need feed mills bad this 
year, and we’re making: lowest price 
since 1914. LONG TIME CftEDIT-your 
profit from mill covers payments. __ 
Rosa models now sell for $26.00 and up — 
evcrTI.SdiS ■ifd ,ed l ° P,CCea ' ® ix “ ode,s --“ sI “ 
R0SS--MILL 
Posjtlye (rear drive. Pivoted sc If. conform loir dop! 
fiXindin? burrs, double band-screw burr regulator bc 
sharpening upper crushers upper force feed. Features tl 
mean less power, less speed, larger capacity. 
Write for Ross catalog, terms and new pre-war prices. 
THE E. W. ROSS CO. 
Dept. G . Springfield, Oh 
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Mica Axle Grease means 
to the axle spindle and 
wheel hub what good 
lubricating means to a 
motor —long life. 
Eureka Harness Oil for 
your breeching, reins 
and traces. 
STANDARD OIL CO. OF N. Y. 
New York Buffalo 
Albany Boston 
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All 
SUCCESS 
BUILT ON 
$o 
Farm - Success rests 
squarely upon rich, 
productive soil. Most 
land needs lime to keep it_ 
and fertile. When you lime—spread 
Solvay—guaranteed high test 95% carbon 
ates—non-caustic, furnace dried, ground 
to spread easily and bring results first 
Write for FREE Booklet. 
THE SOLVAY PROCESS CO 
501 Milton Ave. Syracuse, 
>on- 
id fine 
d fine 
harvest. 
I 
se, N. Y. | 
ULVERIZt 
LIMESTONE 
A Primer of Economics 
By John J. Dillon 
Part XLV1II 
The economist bases his laws on def¬ 
inite premises. He cannot consider ex¬ 
pediencies, temporary effects or accidents. 
He assumes that capital always seeks in¬ 
vestment where the profit is greatest; 
that labor always moves to the place of 
best reward, and is never paid more than 
nature and custom require for mainte¬ 
nance ; that tenants always pay the full 
economic rent; that buyers always ap¬ 
proach the lowest prices; and that com¬ 
modities always seek the highest mar¬ 
ket. The economist formulates his laws 
on these premises. He knows that in 
practice these things do not always hap¬ 
pen but the variations under normal con¬ 
ditions are temporary. Left to natural 
causes, production and trade will har¬ 
monize with economic law. When nat¬ 
ural agencies are interrupted by the ig¬ 
norance or selfishness of man as is too 
often the case, economic law cannot for 
the time being accommodate itself to the 
artificial conditions. Keeping in mind 
these economic premises, the different 
forms of taxation may be traced to final 
payment. 
1. A poll tax is always paid by the 
person taxed. 
2. A tax on commodities is practically 
an increase of the cost of production, and 
comes out of the consumer. 
3. An import tax or “tariff,” is always 
paid by the consumer. 
4. A dog tax comes out of the owner of 
the dog. He has no way by which he can 
indemnify himself at the expense of an¬ 
other. 
5. A stamp tax on conveyances, deeds 
and contracts is, as a rule, paid by the 
buyer, because the seller is in a stronger 
position and need not sell unless his price, 
including the tax, is paid. When the ad¬ 
vantage of negotiations is with the buyer 
he will insist on a price low enough to 
force the tax on the seller. The tax on 
mortgages and notes is always paid by 
the borrower, because the lender is in a 
position to demand it. 
6. When the tenant pays the full 
economic rent the tax on land must come 
out of the pocket of the owner or land¬ 
lord. because the economic rent is all the 
product in excess of the amount necessary 
to support the tenant. If we separate 
rent from labor and interest, the result 
is the same when the owner occupies his 
own land. In that case the landlord be¬ 
comes his own tenant. 
7. An inheritance tax is paid by the 
person receiving the inheritance. It is a 
direct tax; it reduces the capital fund, 
and to that extent affects labor and indus¬ 
try unfavorably. 
8. Income tax, when it is paid in 
money that would otherwise be spent un- 
produetively in luxuries, is a direct tax 
on the subject assessed. If it is paid at 
the expense of capital it unfavorably af¬ 
fects labor and industry that would bene¬ 
fit by the employment of the capital. 
Normally it is paid by the subject and 
then for the most part he recoups himself 
by increasing the price to the consumer. 
An income tax paid by the farmer is a 
direct tax, because there is no way by 
which he can add it to the price of his 
products or pass it along to others in any 
way. Where the manufacturer or dealer 
is able to control the price of his output, 
he may, by increasing the price, pass his 
income tax on to the public in whole or 
in part. 
There is no such thing as a good tax. 
The smaller the tax the less objectionable 
it is. All taxes are a burden on the indi¬ 
viduals that pay them, and on industry. 
It is doubtful if any tax or system of 
taxation can be devised that will be just 
to each and every individual, but some of 
our taxes are needlessly and purposely 
burdensome on some to the benefit of 
others. While we do not expect absolute 
equality, the aim of tax laws should meas¬ 
ure out the greatest possible amount of 
justice to all. Our tax laws, however, 
are largely dictated or influenced by men 
in charge of large business and financial 
interests. Information on the subject is 
largely inspired by them. The public >s 
consequently misinformed. The common 
people are led to believe that certain 
forms of taxation, like the duty on im¬ 
ports and income taxes, are devised for 
their special benefit, while the fact is 
they pay the whole burden ultimately. 
Not only so, but it is increased and pyra¬ 
mided through various turnovers of com¬ 
modities until the final consumer pays 
many times the amount the government 
originally received. The government can¬ 
not help everyone by taxation. Taxes are 
a burden. The government can devise a 
tax to favor some; but in doing so it 
must increase the burden for others. Much 
of our taxes is consumed unproductively 
and wastefully. The amount of the tax 
is taken out of productive capital. It is, 
therefore, a loss to industry and labor', 
both of which would be benefited by any 
portion of the fund that could be saved 
and contributed to productive purposes. 
The simpler and more direct the form of 
taxation, the better it is for the plain 
people.. The more complicated it is the 
surer it is to be increased, and wasted, 
and ultimately shifted on the consumer. 
This suits the capitalist and the poli¬ 
tician. It explains why our tax laws are 
so complicated and irregular. The more 
taxes the people pay, without knowing it, 
the more public money will be squan¬ 
dered on useless positions and otherwise 
wasted to build up political machines. 
Simple, direct tax laws, and uniform tax 
rates will best serve the masses of the 
people. 
When a scheme of taxation has been 
once adopted there should be no exemp¬ 
tions. Legislatures have exempted cer¬ 
tain classes of property from taxation, in¬ 
cluding bonds of national, State, city and 
other political divisions. About one-sev¬ 
enth of the realty property of the country 
pays no tax. Personal property estimat¬ 
ed at over $20,000,000,000 is exempt from 
all tax by law, and it is a notorious fact 
that the great bulk of personal property 
of the country escapes taxation entirely 
through lax administration and the se¬ 
cretive policies of its owners. The in¬ 
come from the tax-exempt securities is 
also tax free. What they escape becomes 
an extra burden on those who do pay. 
These exemptions create a special class 
of securities for the investment of large 
fortunes and discriminate against other 
perfectly good securities. The big inves¬ 
tor is favored over the small investor. 
The exempt securities enjoy an advantage 
over those without special favor. Large 
blocks of capital are tied up in these se¬ 
curities and kept out of productive enter¬ 
prises, and extravagance in the use of 
public funds is invited by the readiness of 
money lenders to invest in these tax- 
exempt municipal bonds. It is of doubt¬ 
ful value to the people that these exempt 
securities are floated at a low rate of in¬ 
terest. The preference to large investors 
is not sound in morals, nor defendable as 
a fiscal expediency. 
Simple Science 
By Dr. F. D. Crane 
Diluting Gasoline 
Is it advisable to use any preparation 
in the gasoline used in an automobile? 
Deer Park, Md. w. o. p. 
In our judgment it is not; if you do, 
you take your own risk. All sorts of 
things have been sold for this purpose, 
and they usually give you, with them, 
some good advice about thinning the mix¬ 
ture as you warm up, etc-., and this is the 
reason, we think, that they appear to in¬ 
crease the mileage. “Moth balls,” naph¬ 
thalene, usually colored a pretty pink or 
green, is frequently sold for this pur¬ 
pose ; it is at least less expensive when 
bought by the pound. 
Trouble with Tractor Radiator 
I have a tractor which has given good 
satisfaction till recently, and now, in 
spite of using the best oil I can get, one 
which is giving satisfaction in similar ma¬ 
chines about here, my machine continu¬ 
ally heats up. I think it may be lime in 
the radiator. Is there any chemical I 
can use? c. F. >r. 
It is possible that is your trouble, if 
you are in a hard-water country, and 
your case is difficult. The only acid we 
dare suggest is strong vinegar, which may 
help some. We fear that any so-called 
“mineral” acid will injure the metal 
parts. A radiator expert will take the 
thing apart and clean it mechanically at 
no great expense, but such experts are 
scarce. You may best go to the head 
agency of your machine in some large 
town and ask their advice. Should you 
decide to try vinegar, you must, of course, 
wash it out very well indeed. 
Questions About Vinegar 
I have a barrel of cider which did not 
turn to vinegar as it should. Must I 
sterilize the barrel before using it again? 
How can sulphur burn in the barrel? 
Will there be enough oxygen? Could I 
use some of my lime-sulphur to sterilize 
