XX 
THE HABITS AND STRUCTURE OF MOTHS. 
enters the pnpa-state. In some instances, as in the Bombyces, 
it spins a cocoon around itself ; and in other instances, as in 
many of the Sphinges, constructs a cell in the ground. 
From the chrysalis or pupa, after a variable period, emerges 
the fully-developed moth, which pairs, deposits eggs, and dies, 
thus ending the cycle of its life-history. 
The bodies of moths are divided into three principal parts 
—the head, thorax, and abdomen; and the principal append¬ 
ages are the legs and wings, which are attached to the thorax. 
The head is situated in front of the thorax, to which it is 
joined by a constriction, the neck. On each side is a large 
convex facetted eye, and on the vertex, between them, are 
generally two simple eyes. The upper anterior part is called 
the front or forehead, beneath which is placed the mouth. 
The eyes are often margined by scales. The antennae or 
feelers are situated between the eyes. The mouth-parts are 
frequently imperfectly developed in moths. They consist of 
a proboscis or tongue, formed of two half cylinders, usually 
united above and only divided towards the extremity. It is 
formed from the maxillae, and is generally horny and coiled 
up, like a watch-spring. Occasionally the proboscis is absent 
or consists only of two soft threads. In length it varies con¬ 
siderably, attaining as much as twice the length of the body 
at least, in some hawk-moths. Beneath the base of the pro¬ 
boscis are placed a pair of three-jointed organs called labial 
palpi, and above the latter are situated, in many moths, the 
maxillary palpi. These latter vary much, being hardly 
visible in some species, whilst in others they are as long as 
the head and thorax together. The second joint is usually 
the lougest, and has the largest scales, whilst the terminal 
joint is generally fine and tapering, and frequently covered 
with smooth hair. 
The antennae vary in length from a few lines to several 
times the length of the body, being shortest in the Hepialidae 
or Ghost Moths, and longest in some of the Tineae. They 
are fusiform or spindle-shaped in the Sphinges, and filiform 
or thread-like, setiform or bristle-like, &c., in other moths. 
The separate joints may be round or ridged, often with pro¬ 
jections below or on one or both sides. The antennae may 
be bare, or finely hairy, and, in the latter case, the hairs may 
be either regularly arranged or in tufts. The appendages of 
the antennae may be either pyramidal, pointed, or obtuse, 
and according to the form of these appendages, the antennae, 
are said to be dentated, serrated, or pectinated. A flattened 
appendage on the lower surface of the antennae is called a 
lamella, and such antennae are spoken of as lamellated. 
