10 
INTRODUCTION. 
several tides, and swarms with Sipunculus , Edwardsia, and 
Lumbriconereis. 
Within reach of the modern tide, also, it is interesting to 
find the remains of oceanic animals long since extinct—to see 
Actinia mesembryanthemum attached to a mass of encrinite 
stalks, Littorina rudis in groups on ZY/zywZa-shale, and the 
white coils of Spirorbis incrusting a nodule containing a 
fossil fish. Yet these features do not appear much out of 
place near a city whose pier is to a considerable extent con¬ 
structed of the fine old stones and ancient oak which once 
formed part of the splendid pile of its cathedral. 
On the whole the zoological features of St. Andrews are 
northern. 
