62 
MARINE FAUNA OF ST. ANDREWS. 
( Octopus) between tide-marks are noteworthy; while in the 
surrounding water are the rare prizes Triton nodifer , T. 
cutaceus , Cardium papillosum , Argiope decollata , and other 
forms which, with the foregoing, are thrown in such pro¬ 
fusion on the shell-beach at Herm—e. g. Galyptrcea ckinensis t 
Trochus Montacutij and Murex aciculatus. The fine Pinna 
rudis , though it has been found by Dr. Howden off Montrose, 
is also entirely absent at St. Andrews. Neither do we find 
the swarms of Trochus helicinus and T. groenlandicus , Tri~ 
cliotropis borealis , and their allies amongst the tangle- 
roots, as in Shetland, nor the Terebratulce y Lyonsia, Lepeta y 
Puncturella , Trochus amabilis , the Jeffi'eysice , Columbella ha- 
liceeti , Pleurotoma nivalis , P. carinata , Scaphander librarius y 
Philine angulata and P. nitida , Rossia papillifera , the Clios, 
and the half hundred new British forms discovered by Dr. 
Gwyn Jeffreys in his frequent cruises in the surrounding 
waters. The great beds, also, of Mytilus modiolus (called 
“yoags ”), which occur in from 3 to 15 fathoms near the shore 
in many parts of the Zetlandic seas, present an interesting 
contrast. It is this mussel (esteemed but a coarse bait at St. 
Andrews) which is extensively employed by the Shetlanders; 
and in its collection many rare invertebrates are found amongst 
the roots of the tangles and stones, which with the mussels 
form huge muddy masses. The old 
ten-toothed “ dreg ’’noticed by the 
accomplished Prof. Edward Forbes 
is still the chief instrument in pro¬ 
curing the shell-fish, and is much 
more serviceable to the zoologist on 
such ground than the dredge. In 
the figure given by the facile pencil 
of the great naturalist the rope is 
attached to the eye of the dreg; 
but in modern times the fishermen 
more correctly attach it to the head 
of the instrument (after the manner 
of the ordinary dredge), and fix the 
rope at the eye of the dreg by a 
piece of spun yarn; so that if the dreg gets entangled the 
