ECUINODEKMATA. 
91 * 
Subkingdom ANNUL 0 8A . 
Series I. ANNULOIDA. 
Class ECHINODERMATA. 
The Ecliinoderms of St. Andrews, though plentiful, are by 
no means remarkable, being those generally distributed over the 
north-east coast. We do not find the rosy feather, the bird’s- 
foot, and the little cushion starfishes so abundant on the south¬ 
ern and western shores, the former extending to the tangles 
of Shetland and far into the Atlantic. The beautiful pale 
bluish-purple Asterias glacialis , so common under littoral 
stones at Herm, and the great Luidia Savignii of the sur¬ 
rounding currents are absent (though the former occasionally 
occurs on the east coast of Scotland) ; and so is Asterias 
Miilleri of the Hebridean lochs. The northern waters are 
further distinguished by the piper ( Cidaris papillata) and 
swarms of Echinus norvegicus ; and the southern by the 
splendid condition of the purple, Fleming’s, and the silky- 
spined urchins. The profusion of sea-cucumbers characteristic 
of certain parts affords another contrast: thus, as truly said 
by Prof. Edward Forbes, the giant of the race seems to have 
rallied all his subjects around him in the rich tangle-forests 
of the Zetlandic voes. The vast numbers of Synapta tenera 
on the muddy banks of the numerous islets in the Sound 
of Harris is distinctive, just as the abundance of Synapta 
Galliennii (which the Rev. Mr. Norman seems inclined to 
link on to 8 . inhcerens) is in Belgrave Bay, Guernsey, and 
a large brownish-purple species on the south-west coast of 
Ireland. 
The places of the rare are filled by a multitude of the 
common forms, which abound on the beach after storms, and 
under stones between tide-marks, or are dredged in the sur¬ 
rounding waters. The ease with which the development of 
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