94 
MARINE FAUNA OF ST. ANDREWS. 
Solaster endeca , L.; Norman, op. cit. p. 122. 
Not uncommon on the West Sands after storms, but much 
less abundant than the foregoing. 
Genus 18. Cribrella, Agassiz. 
Gribrella sanguinolenta , 0. F. Muller; Norman, op. cit. 
p. 124. 
Very common between tide-marks, often hanging to the 
dripping sides and roofs of caverns. A large and much 
softer variety occasionally occurs. The greater diameter in 
several instances reaches 5 inches; and one exceeds this size. 
Fam. 3. Asteriadae. 
Genus 20. Asterias, L. 
Asterias rubens , L. ; Norman, op. cit. p. 128. 
Abundant between tide-marks and beyond. Many singular 
varieties, from the loss or partial reproduction of the rays, 
occur, the most remarkable, perhaps, being that represented 
in Plate VI. fig. 1. A specimen shows five large rays, two 
of which are formed by the splitting of one arm, while in 
the interspace are two small rays situated one over the other. 
They spawn in November; and many are found in the pecu¬ 
liar stool-like position, grasping the ova, at this season. The 
same posture, however, is sometimes assumed when devouring 
Littorina obtusata or other mollusks. Examples with devel¬ 
oping arms are shown in Plate VI. figs. 2 & 3. 
Asterias violacea , 0. F. Muller; Norman, op. cit. p. 128. 
As common as the foregoing, and even more so between 
tide-marks. 
Asterias hispida , Pennant ; Norman, op. cit. p. 128. 
This species has only been seen at St. Andrews by Prof. 
Edward Forbes, who found several specimens on the sands 
after a storm in 1839. Although hundreds of small forms 
have been examined, no specific character has occurred to 
separate them from the foregoing (A. rubens and A. violacea). 
