THROUGH FINLAND. 
263 
gulf is frozen over, they are always cold. The extraordinary de¬ 
gree of cold that prevails at Uleaborg is in a great meafure owing 
to the vaft forefts and deferts, which retain a great portion of ice 
even in fummer. In proportion to the progrefs of agriculture, 
as water and wood are cleared away from the furface, which pre¬ 
vent the fun from warming the earth, it may be expected that 
the climate of this place will become more mild and gentle. 
From a comparifon of obfervations made at Stockholm and 
Uleaborg, it appears that the heat of the thermometer of Cel- 
fius, at a mean height at Stockholm throughout the whole year, 
is nearly 6° above 0, whereas at Uleaborg it generally Rands at 
1° 2-10ths below the freezing point; of courfe the climate of 
Uleaborg differs by 7° 2-10ths. During a Ipace of twenty years 
the mercury at Stockholm fell feven hundred and nine times to 
15 degrees, and once as far as 40 degrees below the freezing point. 
At Uleaborg there are two months more of winter than at 
Stockholm, and one third lefs of fpring. The autumn is of nearly 
the fame duration in both places. As to the comparative length 
of the autumn, this depends not only on the lingering courfe of 
the fun in the autumnal folftice, but more on the fouth and 
fouth-weft winds which prevail in the months of Auguft, Sep¬ 
tember, October, and part of November. Thofe winds which 
come from the gulf of Bothnia are warmed by the water, which 
preferves a greater degree of heat than the atmofphere. But on 
the contrary, in the winter feafon, when the fea is frozen, the 
winds which blow from the fame quarter, are cold and difagree- 
able, 
