D R A I 
titled in, muft be drawn out, and this leaves an opening 
for the water to flow up. No apprehenfion need be en¬ 
tertained of the holes made by the auger being choaked, 
whether the drain be open or covered, provided no other 
water is admitted ; ‘for, fuch is often the force of-the 
fpring, that it will throw up any earth that may acci¬ 
dentally get into it, and can be injured only by the ad- 
miflion of great quantities of furface or flood water com¬ 
ing upon it at once. The mouth of the drain fhould be 
carefully railed in, or otherwife guarded, to prevent cat¬ 
tle from trampling and choaking it up : and where any 
defeat of this kind happens, it fhould immediately be 
remedied. The frft fymptoms of the drain having taken 
efFeffl, when the fpring is properly tapped, are, that all 
the furface drains that may have formerly been made, 
and alfo any adjacent pits, ditches, or places to which 
it may have backed up, immediately become dry, and 
remain fo afterwards. In Mr. Elkington*S practice 
there are many inftances where, by a few auger-holes 
hitting on the-particular fpot where the lowed: part of 
the main fpring lay, a confiderable extent of ground 
with'which his drain had feemingly little connexion, 
has been laid dry, to the aftonilhment of tiiofe who have 
feen it, and furnishing a fisbject of incredibility to many 
who have not. At Qdftone-hall, in Leicefterfliire, a 
very remarkable inftance may be feen. A confiderable 
tra£f of wet marfhy ground, of very little value, divid¬ 
ed in the middle by a fmall -river, he fo completely 
drained, by making a trench on one fide, and by boring 
in it, that the part of the rriarfh on the op polite fide of 
the rivulet, which was at a confiderable riiftance from 
the drain, became in a fhort time equally dry with that 
where the cut was made, has continued fo ever fince ; 
and, from being formerly of little or no value, is now 
converted into excellent water-meadow, producing, with¬ 
out manure, abundant crops of grafs. At Madely, near 
Newcaftle in Stafford fit ire, there was a bog of fome hun¬ 
dred acres, the draining of which was. always deemed 
impracticable, being of fo wet and foft a nature tlvat 
no catrle could pafs over it, till Mr. Elkington, having 
obtained a leafe of it for a number of years, has, by 
means of very little cutting and expence, fo effectually 
drained it, that it may now be confidered not only as one 
of the mod wonderful undertakings of the kind fo eafily 
accomplifhed, but is alfo, from the other improvements 
making on it, likely to become one of the mod produc¬ 
tive farms in that part of the country. At Woburn, in 
Bedford (hire, lie has lately accomplifhed the drainage of 
two extenfive bogs, belonging to his -grace the duke of 
Bedford, in a manner attended with lntle expence, al¬ 
though they were formerly reckoned irreclaimable. It 
is alfo remarkable, that by fome of his drains, pits and 
wells at a great diftnnee have been laid dry, and diftant 
fprings have abandoned their former cou-rfe. 
In hilly countries, where Iheep are the ftaple produce, 
1 efs attention, is paid to the drainage of Inch parts of 
their walk as are wet and unproductive, than to that of 
arable ground, although the effects in the one cafe are 
equally beneficial with thole in the other. This negleCt 
is often attended with confiderable lofs, from that almoft 
, incurable malady the rot, to which fo many thoufands 
pf valuable animals fall a facrifice. For this, draining 
is the molt infallible preventative ; and in fuch fituations 
it is attended with little expence, as the drains may, for 
the moll part, be left open, with here and there covered 
palfages, over which the fheep may crofs with fafety. 
And here, in all cafes where the depth of the cut does 
not reach the fpring, the auger muft be applied, whe¬ 
ther the drains be open or clofed. From the irregular 
difpofition of the component ftrata, the fides of hills are 
often covered with alternate patches of wet and dry foil. 
By tjie appearance of the furface, and by the vegetables 
it produces along the declivity, the internal ftrata may 
often be afeertained with fuch a degree of precifion as 
Ao guide the direftion'of-a drain without inveftigating 
Vojt. VI. No. 330, 
n i n a 57 
below the furface. If the rock lies in a horizontal di¬ 
rection, all the different putlets, or fprings, that appear 
on the furface, may proceed from, or be connected with, 
the fame body of water, and may all be dried up, by 
cutting off, or letting out, the main body of water that 
fiupplies them, at the lower part of the refervoir, or 
place where the water would of itfelf run off, if it was 
not confined under an impervious body of clay. But, 
where the rock lies in a perpendicular manner, and con¬ 
tains only partial collections of water amongtt 'the more 
open fiffures of the done, which empty themfclves at 
numberlefs outlets unconnected with one another, it 
would be abfurd to attempt cutting them oft by one 
drain, or by tapping, without a drain being cut into each. 
In many hills compofed of alternate ftrata of rock, fand, 
and clay, the furface of the latter is commonly wet and 
fwampy, while that of the former is dry and productive, 
and therefore requires as many cuts to drain it completely 
as there are divifions of wet and dry foil. To drain a 
hill-fide of this defeription, it is neceflary to begin by 
making a trench along the upper fide of the uppermolt 
rulliy foil, which will have the effeCt of cutting off the 
higheft fpring; but, as the rain falling on the next po¬ 
rous foil fubfides to the loweft part of it, and forms ano¬ 
ther fpring, and as it may likewife be partly fupplied 
from fome internal fource, a fecond cut is neceflary 
there, to prevent that water from injuring the furface of 
the next clay. bed. Thus, fimilar cuts-will be' requilite 
lower down ’the defeent, fo far as the fame fprings and 
appearances are obferved to injure the ground ; all of 
which are directed into the central or principal drain, 
which condufts the water to the brook below. See this 
method projected in the plan fig. 2, in the abovemen- 
tioned engraving. 
The refervoir from whence the fpring cr outlet of wa¬ 
ter is fupplied, being confined, and pent up between two 
impervious ftrata, and the upper part of it extending 
perhaps to a confiderable height and diftance in the high 
ground, it is evident that, if a perforation is made 
through the fuperincumbent flratum into the lowed part 
of the fpring, the water may be raifed, by confining it, 
nearly as high as the level of the head of the refervoir. 
Of this there are feveral inftances in Mr. Eikington’s 
praCtice, particularly near Warwick, where he raifed 
the water procured from draining a low meadow, into a 
mill-ftream a confiderable height above the level of the 
drain. The drain is clofely built with brick, and pud¬ 
dled above with clay, to prevent the water from oo-zing 
through the joints. Ii then rifes through a perpendi¬ 
cular brick chimney to the height-of the mill-ftream, by 
means of its own preffure in the higher ground. 
Confiderable tracts 'of land often lie wafts -and un¬ 
cultivated, owing to wetnefs in a particular fitnation, 
which proceeds neither from fprings under the furface, 
nor from the overflowings of any in the adjoining, 
higher grounds ; but arife from the accumulation of rain 
water, ftagnating on a retentive body of clay, through 
which the water can have no defeent; and being alfo 
ftirrounded with higher ground of the fame impervious 
nature, the water of itfelf can find no natural outlet. 
Such are commonly called landlocked bogs. The drain¬ 
age of thefe bogs is effected in a manner different from 
that of fpring bogs, the .cau-le of both not being the 
fame. In the following manner it may be done at lcaft 
expence : The firft and principal'drain muft be made 111 
the middle or loweft part of tiie ground, and into this 
all the others muft lead. The number and direction of 
them will depend on its extent. They muft be cut 
through the wet fpongy upper foil, quite down to the 
■ clay or retentive fubftratum, which is then to be perfo¬ 
rated by the auger, in order to give an outlet downwards 
for the water, which will immediately fink into the po¬ 
rous ftrata below. The drains fhould be cut as narrow 
as poflible, and, after the auger holes have been made, 
and a conduit formed on the under Hones coupled be- 
low. 
