$0 D R A I 
As Toon afterwards as the fleam engine was fet to work 
at the dated period, the engine pump contained no water; 
it had efcaped through this hole, and continued to run 
through the fame ever afterwards, and rendered the en¬ 
gine unnecefl'ary. This instance of water, at fo great a 
depth from the furface, finding a paffage at a further 
depth of ten yards, and immediately below, is very lin¬ 
gular and (hiking. Experiments of this fort feldom fall 
to the lot of man to make, therefore fuch infiances are 
rare and uncommon. In large tracts of level land, 
where lakes or morafles have been formed, and which 
cannot be drained 1 y cutting open drains, or driving le¬ 
vels through rocks, but at an expence for which the 
lands, when drained, would never compenfate, the above 
inftance warrants experiments being made with the auger, 
which, if not fuccefsful, my be tried at little expence.” 
Agricultural Reports of Hertfurdjhire, p. 67. 
It frequently occurs,, in working quarries of lime or 
freeftone, that, at a certain depth, part of the rock con¬ 
taining water is met with, whereby the quarry is foon fo 
filled with water as to put a flop to working it deeper, 
where the bed of the (tone lies. The common remedy 
in fuch cafes is, either to eredt a windmill-pump to 
draw out part of the water, or to open a new quarry ad¬ 
joining to the laft, which at the fame depth meets with 
the like obftruflion ; or to bring up a very deep and 
expenlive cut, under the level of the water, from the 
nearefi declivity. By the following method, however, 
all quarries of lime (tone, freeftone, mail, dec. liable to 
fuch an obstruction, may be completely cleared of water 
at little expence ; and the drain, at the fame time, will 
ferve a double purpofe, by drying the wet ground, 
which, in confequence of the fpring contained in the 
rock, is found adjoining to it. Immediately under the 
rock, commonly lies a bed of Strong retentive clay, that 
. upholds all the water retained in that rock, and which 
being alfo bound round on each fide by a covering of clay, 
or other fiiff foil, cannot difebarge itfelf. In the firfi 
place, endeavour to find to what fide the rock dips or 
inclines, which may be afeertained by the appearance of 
the furface in examining the adjacent ground, and by 
the affifta'nce of the fpirit-level. After discovering this, 
cut a drain through the clay covering to the rock, and 
the offending water will be drawn completely off. The 
Situation of marl pits is often fuch that it requires a very 
extenlive cut through fome part of the furrounding bank, 
to carry off the water that prevents taking out the marl. 
This might often be accomplished by finking a pit 
through the retaining ftratum under the marl bed, into, 
fome abforbent ftratum below', that would receive the 
water let down into it by the pit. If the ground where 
the marl lies.is of confiderable extent, feveral fuch pits 
will be neceffary to carry off the water. In many cafes 
the wafer may be got. rid of in a ftill eafier manner, pro¬ 
vided the fituation of the ground is anfvverable. If the 
furrounding bank declines on the oppofite fide lower than 
the water, by cutting a drain into it, and boring with 
the horizontal auger into-the tail of the ftratum containing 
the water, it will immediately be drawn off, and reduced 
to a level lower than that of the bed of marl. We have 
noticed, with gratification and pleafure, very fimilar me¬ 
thods of draining and tapping Springs, by means of the 
auger, laid down by Dr. Anderfon, F. R.S. and by 
Mr. John. Wedge, of Bickenhill, near Coventry, to 
whom the Society of Arts and Manufactures awarded 
their Silver medal, for his communications on this Subject. 
Notwithstanding the great advantages to be derived 
from this new mode of under-draining , we mttft not forget 
to notice, in a variety of instances, the utility and con¬ 
venience of the common hollow or open drains. Thefe 
are chiefly tiled to correct that temporary wetnefs of foil 
which refults from rain; and which, front flatnefs of 
furface, or its retentive quality, ftagnates, to the injury 
of both foil and crops. This is an evil of confiderable 
magnitude to the practical farmer; to remedy which, 
N I N G. 
in a cheap and expeditious manner, feveral; inventions' 
have been recently offered to the public. The Society 
of Arts, &c. gave a bounty to Mr. Matins of Suffolk, 
for the firff offer of a plough to cut hollow drains. 
There was merit in the idea, but his plough has fallen 
into difufe. An titer plough, for the, fame purpofe, 
was invented by Mr. Arbuthnot, of Mitcham, of which 
an account is given in the “ EafternTour.” And lately, 
the Society of Arts have made feveral trials with what 
is called a mole plough ; the intention of which is, to 
draw a pointed iron cylinder, at a given depth, through 
the earth, which (hall form a pipe or hollow drain, of 
the Size of the iron cylinder, through which the water 
will flow freely under the foil, at a depth below the 
roots of the grain, and will find its way into a furrow, 
or watcrcourfe, made at the end of the field on purpofe 
to receive it. This plough was introduced by Mr. 
Adam Scott, of Guildford, in Surry ; who, in the fpring 
of 1797, received a bounty of thirty guineas from the 
Society of Arts, for the invention. It is found to an- 
fvver beft in fuch foils where it is not likely to meet with 
obftrufti'ohs from (tones and rocks ; and the drains will 
endure longest in Strong, adhefive land, or clay; but in 
light fand-y foils they quickly fall in. A plough very 
fimilar to the above has been projected, by Mr. Watts, 
of Binley, in Warwickshire, for which a patent was ob¬ 
tained the 19th of October, 1797. 
For the purpofe of making open drains, and for draw- 
ingoff cold Stagnant furface water in pafture land, the 
latelt and belt invention feerns to be that, of a plough, 
conftructed under the direction of the late duke of 
Bridgewater, by Robert Tomlinfon, of Worfley, near 
Manchefter. The thanks of the Society for the Encou¬ 
ragement of Arts, &c. were voted to his grace in 1801, 
for a model of this plough, which his grace prefented to 
them ; and which is now placed in the fociety’s repo¬ 
sitory, in the Adelphi, London, for public inspection. 
In clay or Stiff land that lies fiat, the plough cannot go 
too deep ; but if it lies on a declivity, about five incites 
deep will be Sufficient, In Soft light foil, the plough 
Should go as deep as it can in all Situations, becaufe the 
Sides are apt to moulder into the gutters. The belt time 
for this draining is about Michaelmas, or as foon as the 
grafs is' eaten ; and the whole Should be accontplifhed 
betwixt that time and Chriftmas. In clay ground, that 
has never been drained, fix good horfes will be requifite 
to draw the plough-. In every following year the plough 
Should be run through the lame gutters, and four horfes 
will then be Sufficient. At Broughton, in the neigh¬ 
bourhood of Manchefter, confiderable quantities of Stiff 
clay, pafture, and meadow land, have been much im¬ 
proved, under .the iirfpedtion of the Secretary of the So¬ 
ciety, by the life of this plough. After t'hecattle were 
houfed for the winter, three horfes only were employed 
to form drains with the plough at proper intervals : the 
final 1 drains were made at the difiance of about nine 
yards from each other, in old furrows of the ground, 
and about five inches deep : the fod, when cut out by 
the plough, was placed in a heap in the field, with 
quicklime in a powdery (late : the whole mafs was re¬ 
duced to a compoft by the froft during the winter, and 
in the following fpring was laid upon the furface of the 
land, and formed an excellent top-drefting. The water 
from the Small drains is directed into the larger drains, 
made by lowering the (hare of the plough to the depth 
of nine or more inches. Little or no lofs of land arifes 
from the Small drains, as, natural grades are produced 
therein early in the fpring. It will be highly advan¬ 
tageous to repeat the operation every winter : it is eafily 
and expeditioufly performed ; and no perfon, without an 
acti.al experiment of the facf, can form a Sufficient judg¬ 
ment of the great benefit arifing to vegetation by the re¬ 
moval of cold Stagnant water, during the winter, from 
land of every description. A da-awing of this plough is 
given in the Draining Plate II. fig. i, of which the fol¬ 
lowing 
