90 D R U 
fon of fir John Drummond of Hawthornden, born in 1583. 
He was educated at the high fchool, and afterwards at 
the univerfity of Edinburgh. When he had finifhed his 
academical (Indies,■.he fpent four years in foreign travel ; 
during part of which he refided at Bourges, for the ftudy 
of the civil law. On his return 1,0 Scotland, in fie ad 'of 
following the profeffion for which he had qualified him- 
felf, he chofe to devote his time to mental improvement, 
and the cultivation of polite literature. The affefting 
circumftance of being deprived by a fever of a beautiful 
young lady, to whom he was going to be married, threw 
him into a melancholy, which rendered his home infup- 
portable, and drove him for relief again to foreign travel. 
He remained abroad eight year's, vifiting the principal 
cities and univerfities of Germany, France, and Italy, 
and cultivating an acquaintance writh men of letters. 
Upon his return he employed himfelf in compoling his 
Hiflory of the five Jamefes, Kings of Scotland, which 
work did not appear till after his death. As his princi¬ 
ples were highly monarchical and epifcopalian, he was 
much afflicted when his country broke out into civil war 
againft Charles I. and he wrote many pieces in fuppcrt 
of the regal and ecclefiaflical claims. The fatal event of 
the conteff is thought to have fhortened his days. He 
died in December, 1649, in his fixty-fourth year. From 
the preceding narrative it appears that Drummond pof- 
fefled that gentle and unambitious difpofition which fits 
a man Tor the retired walks of life, and becomes a vo¬ 
tary of the mufes. It is almoft folely as a poet that 
Drummond is now remembered ; and in that clafs he 
may claim as high a rank as almoft any of his contempo¬ 
raries, without requiring any allowance for provinciality 
of language. In fad!, his didtion is Englifh of the moft 
cultivated kind then in ufe, and muft have been derived 
to him from the ftudy of the beft models. The fweetnefs 
and melody of his verfe in many inftances are fcarcely to 
be exceeded ; and though in the thoughts there is a tinge 
of the conceit of tire Italian fchool, yet much real beauty 
©f imagery and truth of feeling are to be found. 
DRUM'STICK, f. The llick with which a drum is 
beaten. 
DRUNK, adj. Intoxicated with ftrong liquor; ine¬ 
briated.—.We generally conclude -that man drunk , who 
takes pains to be thought fober. Sp'iElator .—Drenched or 
faturated with moifture.—I will make mine arrows drunk 
with blood. Deut. 
DRUNK'ARD,/! One given to exceftive ufe of ftrong 
liquors; one addicted to habitual ebriety.—God will not 
take the drunkard' s excufe, that he has fo long accuftom- 
ed himfelf to intemperate drinking, that now he cannot 
leave it off. South. 
DRUNK'EN,^’. Intoxicated with liquor; inebriated: 
O monftrous bead ! how like a fwine he lies! 
Sirs, I will pradtife on this drunken man. Shakefpeare. 
•—Drunken men imagine every thing turneth round; they 
imagine that things come upon them ; they fee not well 
things afar off; thofe things that they fee near hand, they 
fee out.of their place, and fometimes they lee things dou¬ 
ble. Bacon.' —Given to habitual ebriety. Saturated with 
moifture.—Then let the earth be drunken with our blood. 
Shakefpeare. —Done in a (late of inebriation : 
When your carters, cr your waiting vaftals-. 
Have done a drunken (laughter, and defac’d 
The precious image of our dear Redeemer, 
You ftraight are on your knees for pardon. Shakefpcare. 
DRUNK'ENLY, adv. In a drunken manner : 
My blood .already, like the pelican, 
Haft thou tapt out, and drunkenly carous’d. Shakefpcare. 
DRUNK'ENNESS,y. Intoxication with ftrong liquor. 
Every going off from our natural and common temper, 
and our ufuai (everity of behaviour, is a degree of drunk- 
tninefs. Taylor. —Habitual ebriety.— The Lacedemonians 
drained up their children to hate drunkennefs , by bringing 
D R U 
a drunken man into their company. IVatts. —Intoxication 
or inebrarion of any kind; diforder of the faculties.—• 
Paffion is the drunkennfs of the mind, and therefore in its 
prefent workings not controulable by reafon. Spenfer. 
Drunkennefs, fays Mr. Paley, is a focial feftive vice, 
the example of which, like an influenza', may corrupt 
others, until a whole neighbourhood be infedted with the 
contagion. .The fatal confequences of this vice cannot 
be enough abhorred, nor fufficiently deplored : nor is it 
eafy to imagine, after fo many (hocking inftances of re¬ 
vengeful cruelty and infamous conduft which (land upon 
record as refulting from drunkennefs, how any human 
being in thefe enlightened days, can fuftain the indignity 
and folly of fuch a vice. Drunkennefs was the higheft 
dilgrace to the court of Alexander the Great; who, ac¬ 
cording to Seneca, died of a debauch. Being caroufing 
with twenty guefts at table, in -the qity of Babylon, he 
drank to the health of every perfon in company, and 
then pledged them feparately. After this, calling for 
Hercules’s cup, which held an incredible quantity, it 
was filled, when he poured it all down, drinking to a 
Macedonian, Proteus by name ; and afterwards pledged 
him again, in the fame extravagant bumper. He had no 
fooner fwallowed it, than he fell fenfelel's upon the floor. 
“ Here, then, (cries Seneca,) this hero, unconquered by 
all the toils of prodigious marches, expofed to the dan¬ 
gers of lieges and combats, to the moft violent extremes 
of heat and cold; here he lies fubdued by his intempe¬ 
rance, and (truck to the earth by the fatal cup of Hercu¬ 
les.” In this condition he was feized with a fever, which, 
in a few days, terminated in death. No one, fays Plu¬ 
tarch and Arrian, fufpected then that Alexander had 
been poifoned ; the true poifon which brought him to 
this difgraceful end was wine, which has killed many 
thoufands befides Alexander. 
The vice of drunkennefs fe feverely reprehended in the 
holy feriptures. It is repeatedly forbidden by St. PauJ: 
Be not drunk with wine, wherein is excefs. Let us walk honefly 
as in the day, not in rioting and drunkennefs. Be not decerned; 
neither fornicators, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners, 
fiall inherit the kingdom of God. Eph. v. 18. Rom. xiii. 13. 
1 Cor. vi. 9. 10. The fame apoftle likewife condemns 
drunkennefs, as peculiarly inconliftent with the Chriftian 
profeffion: They that he drunken, are drunken in the night-, 
but let us, who are of the day, be fober. 1 Theif. v. 7, 8. By 
the law of England, drunkennefs is confidered as an ag¬ 
gravation rather than an excufe for any criminal beha¬ 
viour. A drunkard, fays fir Edward Coke, who is volun- 
tarius daemon, hath no. privilege thereby; but what hurt 
or ill foever he doth, his drunkennefs doth aggravate it: 
nam omne crimen ebrietas, et incendit, et detergit. For the of¬ 
fence of drunkennefs, a man may be puniftied in the ec- 
clefiaftrcal court, as well as by juftices of the peace. And, 
by 4 Jac. I. c. 3. and 21 Jac. I. c. 7. if any perfon (hall 
be convibted of drunkennefs by the view of a juftice, or 
oath of one witnefs, &c. he (hall forfeit five (hillings for the 
firft offence, to be levied by diftrefs and fale of his goods; 
and for want of a diftrefs, (hall fit iir the (locks fix hours : 
and, for the fecond offence, he is to be bound with two 
fureties in ten pounds each, to be of good behaviour, or to 
be committed. And he who is guilty of any crime through 
Iris own voluntary drunkennefs, (hall be puniftied for it as 
if he had been fober. It has been held that drunkennefs 
is a fufticient caufe to remove a magiftrate : and the pro- 
fecution for this offence by the ftatute of 4 Jac. I. c. 5. 
was’ to be, and (till may be, before juftices of petee in 
their feflions by way of indictment. Equity will not re¬ 
lieve againft a bond, &c. given by a man when drunk, 
unlefs the drunkennefs is occafioned through the manage¬ 
ment or contrivance of him to wdiom the bond is given. 
Co. Lit. 247. 3 P. Wil.pt 30. 
The baneful effects of drunkennefs-on the human frame 
hnd conftitution are cor ftantly before our eyes, and yet 
operate not at all in diminiftiing the evil. Vinous par¬ 
ticles abforbed into the fyitem muft diftend the blood in 
the 
