132 D U R 
per annum to be given to two tradefmen of the eftablifhed 
church, who may want a (Ti fiance to begin bnfinefs. Bifhop 
Wood, of Litchfield, gave twenty, pounds per annum for 
ever, to be difpofed of for the releafe of poor debtors 
from the goal of Durham, whofe debts do not exceed 
five pounds. He alfo gave one hundred pounds to be 
laid out upon a renr-charge, toward the maintenance of 
the poor of the corporation for ever. There are feveral 
fmaller charities. But the principal one was that of Mr, 
Henry Smith, who, by his will, dated July 20, 1598, be¬ 
queathed his coal-mines, then worth one hundred pounds 
a-year, belides a very confiderabie perfonal eflate, to the 
corporation of this city, “that fome good trade may be 
devifed for fetting of the youth and other idle perfons to 
work, as fhall be thought moft convenient, whereby fome 
profit may arife to the benefit of the laid city, and relief 
of thofe that are paft work.” This charity was foon af¬ 
ter employed in eftablifhing a cloth manufactory, from 
which fome thoufands derive their bread ; and in which 
are made all kinds of calimancoes, {balloons, vvildbores, 
durants, tammies, plain and figured fluffs, ferges, Jerfeys, 
kerfeys, flannels, &c. They alfo make carpets, which 
are brought to a very great degree of perfection. 
There are feveral coal-works in the vicinity of the 
city, whence the inhabitants are plentifully fupplied at 
reafonable rates. The market is held every Saturday, 
and is extremely well fupplied with all kinds of corn, 
butcher’s meat, poultry, fifli, vegetables, and all other 
provifions. Here are three fairs every year, which ufin¬ 
ally continue three days each ; the firft day for horned 
cattle, the fecond day for fheep and fvvine, and the third 
for horfes: they begin the 31ft of March, Whit-Tuef- 
day, and September 13. On tliefe occafions the court of 
Pye Powder is always held by the corporation. Within 
thefe laft twenty years, the fair in March has been much 
reforted to by the principal horfe-dealers from the fouth, 
on account of the great number of excellent horfes which 
are bred in the adjacent country, and which are ufually 
brought in for fale at this time. 
In approaching the city of Durham from the fouth, 
the traveller is (truck with the elegance of its fituation, 
and the venerable appearance of its principal buildings. 
The cathedral and caftle are fituated upon an eminence, 
girt by the north and fouth Baileys, enclofed with the 
remains of the old city walls, and (kirted with hanging 
gardens defcending to the river Were, which furronnds 
this part of the city, in the form of an horfe-flioe. On 
the oppofite fide of the river, the banks are high, rocky, 
and fcattered over with trees; along the brink of which 
the ftreet of New Elvett is extended, and terminated by 
the church of St. Ofwald ; at the bottom runs Old El¬ 
vett. Acrofs the bridge are the ftreets of Claypeth and 
St. Giles, which climb the more diftant eminence ; the 
church terminating the line of buildings. The (lopes of 
the hills are beautified with hanging gardens and rich 
meadows. Newton Hall, one of the feats of the late fir 
H. G. Liddle, bart. with its adjacent plantations, fills the 
nearer back ground ; behind which a fine cultivated 
country is dilcovered, lengthening the profpeCt to the 
diftance of ten miles, on which Penfher or Pain (haw Hill, 
with its peaked brow, is a beautiful objeCt. To form the 
left wing, the banks oppofite to the cathedral andcaftte are 
clothed with wood and fruit-trees; 'and Sourh-fireet 
ftretches along the fummit. The long canal which the 
river exhibits to the eye in this part, is eroded by Fram- 
welgate-bridge, which has two elliptic arches. On the 
banks of the river is Crook Hall, the feat of Mrs. Hopper, 
with the woodlands of Newton Hall on the more diftant 
ground ; to the left of which is Aycliffe Heads, the neat 
villa of Francis Johnfon, efq. Approaching this city 
from the eaft, down the ftreet of St. Giles, a noble prof- 
peCt prefents itfelf: in froYit the river Were forms a fine 
canal through a rich vale, eroded by Elvett-bridge of five 
wet and many other land arches. The town crowds the 
fiwift rifings of the hill, pile upon pile; while the caftle 
2 
D U R 
and cathedral crown the fummit of the eminence. To 
the left are feen the banks of Elvett and the church, 
flanked by the diftant foreft of oaks and groves which 
hang on the margin of the river. On the right is a fine 
view of Newton-hall. From the north the appearance 
is rather more romantic. In (liort, whoever has a tafte 
for beautiful profpects will find themfelves highly grati- 
tified by the variety which prefent themfelves from 
the different hills with which this city is furrounded, as 
well as from the different avenues leading to it. 
Beddes the many liberal charities founded in Durham, 
there is a very noble one in the eaftern vicinity of the 
city, called Sherburn hofpital, founded about 11S0, by 
bifhop Pudfey, for the reception of fixty-five lepers, with 
a matter and other officers. This hofpital is placed in a 
remarkably healthful fituation, and continued under its 
old government till 1584, when an aCt of parliament 
paffed whereby it was re-incorporated by the name of the 
Mafter and Brethren of Chrift’s hofpital, in Sherburn, 
near Durham. In this hofpital are now maintained fif¬ 
teen in-brothers, who are well accommodated with every 
one a neat little room, a fufficiency of good and vvhole- 
fome diet, a fuit of clothes annually, and forty (hillings 
in money. They attend divine fervice in the chapel 
twice every day, where the prayers are read by the chap¬ 
lain. There are alfo fifteen out-brothers, who are allowed 
forty {hillings each annually ; with a very pleafant houfe, 
and beautiful gardens, belonging to the mafter. On t lie weft 
of the city is an old crofs, ereCted by Ralph lord Nevill, 
in memory of a remarkable battle fought here on' the 
17th of October, 1346, between the Englifh and Scotch 
armies, in which the latter fullered a total defeat, with 
the lofs of fifteen thoufand men killed, and feveral nobles, 
and their king'David II. taken prifoner. 
DUR'HAM, a townfliip of the American States, in 
Cumberland county, diftriCt of Maine, on the fouth-weft 
bank of Androfcoggin river, which feparates it from 
Bowdoin on the north-eaft. It was incorporated in 1789, 
contains 724 inhabitants, and lies 145 miles north-eafterly 
of Bofton. 
D’JR'HAM, a pod town of the American States, in 
Strafford county, New Hampftiire, on Oyfter river, near 
where it joins the Pifcataque ; fixteen miles weft of 
Portfmouth. It was incorporated in 1633, and contains 
1247 inhabitants. It was formerly a part of Dover, 
which adjoins it on the north, and was called Oyfter ri¬ 
ver. On the top of a hill in this town is a rock, com¬ 
puted to weigh (ixty or feventy tons, fo exaCtly poifed on 
another rock as to be eafily moved by the finger. 
DUR'HAM, a townfliip of the American States, in 
New Haven county, Connecticut, fettled from Guildford 
in 1698, andincorporated in 1708 : twenty-two miles fouth- 
weft of Hartford, and eighteen miles north-eaft of New 
Haven. It was called Cagingchague by the Indians ; which 
name a fmall river that chiefly rifes here, dill bears. 
DUR'HAM, a townfliip of the American States, in 
Bucks county, Pennfylvania. 
DU'RING, prep. [This word is rather a participle, 
from dure-, as, during life-, durante vita, life continuing ; 
during myplcaj'ure, my pleafure continuing the fame.] For 
the time of the continuance of; while any thing lafts.— 
If during his childhood he be conftantly and rigoroufly 
kept from drinking cold liquor whilft he is hot, forbear¬ 
ance grows into a habit. Locke. 
DU'RIO,/: in botany, a genus of the clafs polyadel- 
pliia, order polyandria, natural order putamineae, (cap- 
parides, JuJf.) The generic characters are—Calyx : peri-, 
anthium one-leafed, pitcher-fhaped, five-lobed; lobes 
rounded; deciduous. Corolla: petals five, added to the 
calyx, and leTs than it, concave. Stamina: filaments in 
five bodies, divided into feven, fubulate, longer than the 
corolla; antherte tvvifted ; (or, according to Juffieu, fila¬ 
ments five, flat at the bafe, feven or eight-cleft at the 
top ; the divilions connate, fubulate, bearing thirty-five 
to forty twifted anthers. Piftiilum-. germ rpundifh, fti- 
pitate 5 
