DYING. 
m 
out the cloth after two or three turns, and then to add 
the lad: third ; the colour is thus rendered more uniform : 
if it be obferved that the colour does not take well, a 
little calcined alum reduced to powder is added. Dr. 
Bancroft recommends the following method for Saxon 
blue ; which many dyers prefer to the above : Six or 
eight parts of quercitron bark, tied up in a bag, are .to 
be put into the dying veftel, which fhould contain only 
a fmali quantity of warm water. When the water boils, 
iix parts of murio-fulphat of tin, and four parts of alum, 
are to be added. In a few minutes, the dying veftel 
fhould be filled up with cold water, till the temperature 
is reduced to about 130 0 . After this, as much fulphat 
of indigo is to be poured in as is fufficient to produce 
the intended (hade of green. When the whole has been 
fufficiently ftirred, a hundred parts of cloth are to be 
put in, and turned brifkly for about fifteen minutes, till 
it has acquired the wilhed-for (hade. By this method, 
a much more beautiful colour is obtained than is given 
by the ufual procefs with fufiic. The Saxon apple- 
green is dyed in the bath which has ferved for Saxon 
green, after one-third or one-half of it has been taken 
out, and after it has been cooled ; the cloth is turned 
in it until it be on the point of boiling. Hence it is 
evident that a great variety of greens may be produced, 
not only according to the proportions of the indigo and 
yellow dye employed, but according to the nature of the 
yellow fubfiance, which may affedl the green, both as to 
fhade and fixity ; and the colour may be ftill further 
modified by reatlives of different kinds. 
Mixtures of Red and Blue. —The mixture of red 
and blue-produces violet, purple, dove-colour, panfey, 
amaranth, lilac, mauve, and a great number of other 
fhades, determined by the nature of the fubftances, the 
• red colour of which is combined with the blue, by the 
proportion of thefe fubftances, and the different fteps of 
the procefs which is employed. Hellot obferves that 
fluff which has been dyed fcarlet takes an unequal colour 
when blue is to be united with it. The blue is therefore 
given firft, which, even for violet and purple, ought not 
to be deeper than the (hade diftinguifhed by the name of 
fky-blue; a boiling is giveipwith alum mixed with two- 
fifths of tartar; the fluff is then dipped in a bath com- 
pofed of nearly two-thirds as much cochineal as for fcar¬ 
let, to which tartar is always added. The circumftance 
which diflinguifhes the procefs for purple from that for 
violet, is, that for the former a lighter blue ground is 
given, and a larger proportion of cochineal is employed. 
Thefe colours are frequently dyed after the reddening for 
fcarlet, fuch quantitiesof cochineal and tartar being added 
as are neceflary : the operation is managed in the fame way 
as forfcarlet. But lilacs, pigeon’s necks, mauves, &c, are 
commonly dipped in the boiling which has ferved for violet, 
after alum and tartar have been added to it: the blue 
ground having been proportioned to the fhade required, 
the quantity of cochineal is alfo adjufled in a fimilar man¬ 
ner : a little folution of tin is added for fome reddifh fhades, 
fuch as peach blolfom. It is to be obferved, that though 
the quantity of cochineal is diminilhed according to the 
lightnefs of the fhade required, the quantity of tartar is 
not leffened, fo that the proportion of it, compared witli 
that of the cochineal, is fo much the greater, as the co¬ 
lour required is lighter. Mr. Poerner is of opinion, that 
to procure the colours compofed of red and blue, it is 
advantageous to employ the folution of indigo in ful- 
phuric acid, becaufe a great variety of fhades is thus 
more eafily obtained, and the procefs is fhorter and lefs 
expenfive. The colours obtained in this way are indeed 
much lefs durable than when the blue vat is employed ; 
but he afferts, that they poffefs durability, when folution 
of indigo to which alkali has been added is made ufe of. 
He prepares a pound of cloth with three ounces of alum, 
by boiling it for an hour and a half, and leaving it all 
night in the liquor after it is cold. The bath is made 
with an ounce and a half of cochineal, and two ounces 
aof tartar, boiling it for three quarters of an hour, and 
then adding two ounces and a half of folution of indigo: 
it is (lined and made to boil gently for a quarter of an 
hour ; and by this means a very beautiful violet is pro¬ 
duced. 
Mixtures of Red and Yellow. —The colour natu¬ 
rally refulting from the admixture of red and yellow, is 
orange: but its (hades may be infinitely varied by the 
different proportions of the ingredients, by the yellow 
fubftances made choice of, by the preparations given to 
the cloth, and by the mordants added to tlie dye bath. 
Mr. Poerner defcribes a great many varieties, which he 
obtained by tiling weld, faw-wort, dyers-weed, and other 
yellows, and by employing in the preparation of the 
cloth, or in the bath, tartar, alum, fulphat of zinc, or 
fulphat of copper. Various colours may alfo be obtained 
from madder united witli yellow fubftances. It is in this 
way, that mor-dore and cinnamon colours are produced; 
thefe colours are commonly made in two baths. We 
begin by the maddering, preceded by a boiling with alum 
and tartar, as for tlie common maddering, and give a 
weld bath afterwards. But for cinnamon colours, the 
maddering is weaker, and a bath which has ferved for 
mor-dore is generally employed. Tlie proportions are 
varied, according as the red or yellow is to prevail ; 
fometimes galls are added, and fometimes the colour is 
darkened by means of a browning. Mr. Poerner has ob¬ 
tained many colours from madder mixed with faiv-wort-; 
he prepares the cloth with different mordants, but more 
efpecially with alum and tartar; he alfo adds alum and 
tartar to the bath. When the quantity of eitherof thefe 
falts is confiderable, the colour has a deep orange call, 
becaufe acids give the colour of madder a yellow hue ; 
but if their quantity be but fmali, a reddifti yellow is 
obtained. He has procured reddifti brown colours, by 
putting fulphat of zinc or white vitriol into the dye. 
It is alfo cuftomary to employ brazil-wood with yellow 
fubftances, and fometimes it is mixed with cochineal 
and madder. But when, inftead of weld or other yellow 
fubftances, walnut-tree root, walnut-peels, or fumach, 
are employed, fnu(f, chefnut, mu(k colours, &c. are pro. 
duced. 
Mixtures of Black with other Colours, and of 
Brownings.—T o give cloth what is termed a browning , 
the (luff which lias been juft dyed is dipped in a folution 
of fulphat of iron, to which an afti ingent has been added, 
and which confequently forms a black bath; more fre¬ 
quently, a fmali quantity of folution of iron is mixed 
with a bath of water, and more is added, till the dyed 
(tuff dipped in it has attained the (hade required : more 
rarely, fulphat of iron is added to the dye bath, but the 
delired effect is obtained with greater precifion by dip¬ 
ping the dyed fluff in a folution of fulphat of iron. Mr. 
Poerner often foaks the (tuff in a folution of fulphat of 
iron, to which he fometimes puts other ingredients, and, 
when taken out of this mordant, it is dipped in the dye 
bath. The fil'd mode is ufed for marones, coffee, da- 
mafcene colours, and other (hades of browns of the com¬ 
mon dye ; a more or lefs deep colour is given them, accord¬ 
ing to the fhade to be obtained by the browning; a bath 
is then made with galls, fumach, and alder bark, with 
tlie addition of fulphat of iron. The fluffs intended for 
the lighted lhades are dipped firft ; and when they are 
finilhed, the browner ones are dipped, fulphat of iron 
being added in proper proportion in each operation. It 
may be obferved, that the other brownings have nothing 
peculiar in the procefs. To produce feveral kinds of 
grey, a (light blue ground is firft given. Mr. Poerner 
makes bluifh greys, by employing the folution of indigo 
in fulplniric acid, which be adds to a mixture of decoc¬ 
tion of galls and fulphat of iron, varying the (hades by 
the different proportions of thefe three ingredients: and 
he procures other lhades by adding fulphat of iron to a 7 
bath conftituted of cochineal, fuftic, and galls. Dr. Ban¬ 
croft produces livelier greys by fubftituting the querci¬ 
tron bark for the fuftic. But marone, and the colours 
which border upon it p are made with faunders, galls, and 
a browning 
