DYING. 
afh with an equal quantity of common madder in a pound 
of water; he then applied a boiling heat, and gut into it 
fome thread and fome cotton ; and after half a quarter of 
an hour’s boiling, he took it out, rinfed and dried it, 
then foaked it in a folution of alum and common fait; 
after which he paffed it through a folution of glue, and 
at laft dipped it in a madder bath ; when it took a full 
red, which was very tine. If to this preparation fome 
anotta be added, a beautiful orange colour will be pro¬ 
duced ; and it is thus that the dyers in many places pre¬ 
pare that colour: but it is not durable. 
Tan or galls difpofe cotton readily to receive the mad¬ 
der colour. Mr. Vogler’s preparation for galling coil- 
lifted of five drachms of black galls, kept for twenty-four 
hours in a pound of water, which was then boiled for ten 
minutes, and fometimes he added fix drachms of common 
fait. The galled cotton, after having received the mor¬ 
dants of alum and fait, took with the madder a perfectly 
faturated colour, but which was of a dark red. Cotton 
fucceflively impregnated with a folution of tin and glue, 
Iteeped in an infufion of cochineal and galls, walked, and 
dried, and afterwards impregnated with the alum and 
fait mordant, and laft of all dyed in a madder bath, re¬ 
ceived an uncommonly beautiful colour, which was very 
bright and confiderably durable. The mordant of alum 
ancfcorrofive nmriat of mercury, and that of alum and 
fait, gave a colour of a deeper caft. 
The fame gentleman was equally fuccefsful when in- 
ftead of galls, he ufed feveral other vegetable aftringents, 
fuch as the ground bark of the alder and oak, the pow¬ 
dered bark ofwalnut-tree root, flowers and barkot pome¬ 
granate, the leaves, bark, and tops, of the lumach. But 
the beft fubftitute for galls is unqueftionably the myro- 
balans, i.e. the Phyllanthus emblica ot Linnaeus. 1 his is 
now commonly ufed at Manchefter, inftead of galls, not 
only in preparing the Turkey red dye, but lor the aftrin- 
gent principle in many other cafes. He made many ex¬ 
periments with metallic and earthy falts, all ot which, 
except the aluminous and the folution ot tin, appeared 
to him to be but little adapted or entirely hurtful in the 
dying of red. The principal refults are the following : 
A folution of nitrat of lead employed as a mordant, pro¬ 
duced a very dirty red, inclining to brown. In general, 
folutions of lead ufed as mordants tor thread and cotton, 
difpofe them abundantly to receive colours from all ve¬ 
getable colouring fubfiances', but they have always a 
dark and dirty appearance. Thefe mordants may-be em¬ 
ployed for brown or black colours ; the bad brown juft 
mentioned, for infiance, will change to a perfedl brown 
of a very beautiful fhade, if palled through a mordant of 
alum and fait, and boiled a fecund time with madder. A 
very fine black, by galling thread and cotton impregnated 
with fait of lead, and then putting them into a folution 
of fulphat of copper, and boiling them in a logwood bath. 
Cobalt diffolved in the nitro-muriatic acid produced a 
very pleafant colour, nearly refembling a faturated violet. 
A folution of fulphat of copper gave a bad lilac, and 
verdegris diliblved in vinegar produced the fame effect ; 
but the nitrat of copper produced a much more beautiful 
and faturated colour. 
Cotton that has received the mordant of fulphat of 
copper or iron, takes in the madder bath a dirty dull 
violet colour. Mr. Vogler having added the alkaline fo¬ 
lution of arfenic juft mentioned, to a moderately faturated 
foldtion of fulphat of copper or iron, produced a turbid 
mixture which cffervefced, and he rendered it tranfparent 
by adding fulphat of iron. Thread and cotton impreg¬ 
nated with this preparation received a beautiful faturated 
puce colour, which penetrated them in a deep manner. 
But the nitrat and muriat of iron produced a better effect 
than the fulphat and acetit, they afforded a beautiful 
well faturated violet colour. The alkaline folution of 
arfenic, mixed with earthy and metallic falts, generally 
render them better mordants for all colours. This like- 
wife renders the effect of the mordants into which it en- 
2 
159 
ters more lading, fo that the fluff impregnated with it 
many years before, may be dyed without difadvantage; a 
circumftance we do not remark refpeCting any other mor¬ 
dant, excepting a folution of tin. 
The madder bath is prepared in different ways by Mr. 
Vogler. He puts three drachms of madder into from 
flxteen to eighteen ounces of water ; he macerated it for 
twenty-four hours, then boiled it for a quarter of an 
hour, introduced thread and cotton, and boiled them for 
half a quarter of.an hour ; lie afterwards waffled them in 
two or three waters, and then dried them in the fhade; 
he remarks that by long boiling the colour of the (fuff is 
taken away and entirely deftroyed. If frefh urine be fub- 
flituted for water, it affords more lading colours; but in 
fummer it is liable to become putrid foon, fo as to render 
the infufion incapable of giving the dye. A drachm of 
fheep’s dung, or album grecum, produced the fame effect 
as the urine ; and three drachms of muriat of foda, or 
one drachm of ammoniaeal muriat, produced a fuller but 
lefs bright colour. Sulphat of pot-alh and nitre had no 
effect whatever. Three drachnls of white fugar afforded 
a more beautiful and .faturated colour ; on four drachms 
of long pepper being added, it was found to have become 
more capable of refilling the nitric acid. A drachm or a 
drachm and a half of ftarch or gum arabic thrown into 
the bath juft as it begins to boil, and before the cotton 
is put in, gives a finer and more faturated colour; one 
drachm of fenugreek feed produced very nearly the fame 
efteCt. If from one ounce to one ounce and a half of 
glue, in the ftate of jelly, be thrown into the liquor as 
the ebullition commences, it affords a particularly full 
colour, and the addition of three drachms of common fait 
not only renders the colour more lafting, but preferves 
the infufion from running into the putrid ftate. But the 
mod beautiful of all common reds upon cotton is obtained 
by mixing four drachms of ox-gall with the decoction : 
at the fame time it fhould be obferved, that this colour 
is more eafily deftroyed than any other by the nitric acid. 
After all, Mr. Vogler confeffes, that by his numerous 
procelfes, he has not been able to obtain a red of a degree 
of permanency equal to that of the Adrianople, though 
he has much excelled in this refpedt the falfe Adrianople 
reds ufed for Siamefe and other red fluffs. 
Of ADRIANOPLE, or TURKEY RED. 
That beautiful red dye given to cotton in the Ottoman 
empire, is known in Europe under the name of Turkey 
red, Levant red , or Adrianople red. Many attempts have 
been made both in France and England to imitate this 
fplendid dye, and much has been written upon it. The 
abbe Mazeas has publilhed fome experiments which af¬ 
ford considerable information; but his procefs has not 
fucceeded. Mr. Henry, of Manchefter, has unqueftion¬ 
ably approached the neareft to perfection in England ; 
and Mr. Gren, in the German manufactories, lias fuc¬ 
ceeded in a very clofe imitation. Thefe procelfes have 
already appeared in the numerous Englifh books on dy¬ 
ing : the beft information, therefore, left for us to give, 
is the genuine method and procelfes adopted in the Gre¬ 
cian manufactories, where this dye firft had its rife, and 
where it is now carried on' with the utmoft celebrity. 
We are indebted for this information to M. C. Felix, 
who made a journey into the Levant on purpofe, and fuc¬ 
ceeded in bringing away the entire procefs; and this he 
has publilhed in the Annales dc Chime, No. 92. In thefe 
Grecian manufactories the workmen dye at one time a 
null’s of (keins weighing thirty-five oecas ; each occa be¬ 
ing equal to about fifty ounces. The firft thing to be 
done is that of cleaning the cotton, for which purpofe 
three leys are employed ; one of foda, another of alhes, 
and a third of lime. The cotton is thrown into a tub, 
and moiltened with the liquor of the three leys in equal 
quantities; it is then boiled in pure water, and walhecl 
in running water. The fecond bath given to the cotton 
is cpmpoled of foda and Iheep’s dung dilfo.lved in water. 
To 
