DYING. 
dipped in the weld-bath. When taken out of this bath, 
it is to be dyed in a decoCtion of logwood, to which a 
quarter of a pound of fulphat of copper has been added 
for every pound of thread. After this it is to be waflied 
in the river, and wrung feveral times, but not too hard. 
Finally, it is dyed in a madder-bath, in the proportion of 
half a pound to each pound of thread. That the black 
may not be liable to be difcharged, the thread mu ft be 
dipped in a bath of a folution of foap. 
Mr. Wilfon has defcribed the method which is followed 
at Manchefler for dying linen and thread black. A galling 
is made with galls or fumach ; after which the fluff is 
dyed with the liquor of the bath, confiding of a folution 
of iron in vegetable acid, frequently compofed of alder- 
bark and iron, and then dipped in a decoCtion of logwood 
with a little verdegris. This procefs is repeated till a 
deep black is obtained ; and it is neceffary to wafli and 
dry after each of thefe different operations. 
But the mod recent, and apparently the mod effectual, 
mode of dying linen and cotton thread black, is the fol¬ 
lowing, invented by M. Vogler, at Weilburg. Take a 
quart of pure foft water, and mix with it two ounces, or 
two ounces and a half, of common aquafortis ; then throw 
in gradually, two ounces, or two ounces and a half, of 
litharge. The bottle, after being flightly corked, mud 
be fet in a warm place, and diaken from time to time. 
After a few days, the clear liquor may be poured off from 
the fediment, into a deep earthen, leaden, or pewter,veffel. 
In this clear folution of litharge in nitrous acid, the cot¬ 
ton or linen intended to be dyed, is to be intmerfed, and 
is to macerate or foak therein for the fpace of ten or 
twelve hours. It may then be taken out, and, after be¬ 
ing three times waflied in pure cold water, wringing it 
each time, it is to be dipped in a folution of glue in water. 
Being then again wrung, it mud be put to dry in the 
fhade ; taking care that the glue-water is only w'rung out, 
not waflied out. Raw, unbleached, and loofely-fpun, 
linen thread, or cotton yarn, that has already been deeped 
in warm ley, and afterwards well walhed in cold water, 
is more proper for the prefent purpofe, and takes the ap¬ 
plication of the mordant, and that of the colour, more 
readily than the fame materials after they are knit or 
woven. Each flcein is to be tied with two loofe and 
broad Arings, of tape or binding; by the help of which, 
the flteins, if they Ihould happen to be entangled, during 
their maceration, or dying, may be feparated, and brought 
into order again. 
The glue-water, in which the linen or cotton (after 
it has been deeped in the folution of litharge) is to be 
dipped, maybe prepared by reducing common carpenter’s 
glue into a jelly or fize, by boiling it in a pan with a 
fmall quantity of water, and then diffolving, in boiling 
water, fuch a proportion of the jelly as will give to the 
water a dicky or glutinous confidence, leaving it, at the 
fame time, Yufficiently thin and fluid. Take three quar¬ 
ters of an ounce of galls, well bruifed, and boil them in 
a quart, or rather more, of pure water. When they have 
boiled for the fpace of feven or eight minutes, throw in 
three quarters of an ounce of common fait; and, when 
that is diffolved, put in the linen or cotton duff that is to 
be dyed, and that has already been foaked in the folution 
of litharge in aquafortis, and dipped in the glue-water. 
When the duff has been boiled in the liquor feven or 
eight minutes, it may be taken out ; it is then to be three 
times wafhed and wrung, as before, in clean cold water, 
and afterwards dried in a fhady place. The linen or cot¬ 
ton duff, which before was wliite, will be found to have 
acquired, from the foregoing operations, a dark grey co¬ 
lour, with a fliade of yellow ; this may be confidered as 
a good ground for a black colour. 
In the place of galls, for the adringent principle, oak- 
bark, in powder, may be ufed ; alfo the thin rind of the 
alder tree, the rind of the root of the walnut-tree, the 
flowers or the fliells of pomegranates, fumach, (Rhus coria- 
ria,J the leaves of lormentil-cinquefoil, (Potentilla argen* 
153 
tea,J and tormentil roots; all of which may be ttfed in 
the fame proportion as the galls. Common fait alfo pof- 
feffes the power of rendering the colour more deep and 
permanent; but it Ihould be added when tiie boiling ot 
the duds in the decoCtion of galls is nearly finidied, as it 
might othervvife impede the extraction of the colouring- 
matter from the galls, or render the penetration of the 
laid matter into the fubdance of the duffs lefs drong. 
Take three quarters of an ounce of common copperas or 
vitriol of iron, and the fame quantity of common fait, and 
diffolve them in a quart of clean hot water. Let the 
duffs, prepared in the manner before defcribed, with galls, 
or other adringent vegetable fubdances, and which have 
already acquired a blackifli colour, be imnterfed in this 
liquor. After eight or ten hours, they may, be taken 
out; wafhed and wrung three or four times in clean cold 
water, and then dried in the fliade. The advantage ari- 
fing from the mixture of common fait, in this folution of 
copperas, is, not only that lefs of the ground colour is 
taken away, but alfo, the tints which are afterwards to 
be given to the duff, enter them more deeply, and pro¬ 
duce a better colour. 
Boil three quarters of an ounce of campeachy or log¬ 
wood, in rather more than two quarts of rain or river wa¬ 
ter. When it has boiled feven or eight minutes, add to 
the decoCtion a quarter pf an ounce of white darch ; 
which, that it may not be clotted or lumpy, mud be fird 
well mixed in a tea-cup with a little frefli water. When 
this, by boiling a few minutes, is diffolved in the liquor, 
the linen or cotton dud’, already prepared by means of 
the folution of copperas, &c. is to be put into the liquor. 
After it has boiled therein for feven or eight minutes, it 
may be taken out; and, being fird waflied and wrung 
two or three times in clean cold water, as before, may be 
dried in the fliade. If, when the fluff is dry, its colour 
appears to be too faint, that is, if it fliould not be of a 
deep and fine black colour, it mud be again foaked in 
the folution of copperas, and then boiled once more in 
the decoction of logwood : it cannot then fail to be of 
the wiflied-for fine full black : but this colour is not yet 
lo fixed as to bear being waflied in ley, or even in foap 
and water. In order to bring the colour to this degree 
of perfection, the dyed duff mud, in the lad place, be 
treated in the following manner. 
One ounce of galls, well bruifed, or the fame quantity 
of any of the adringent vegetable fubdances above-men¬ 
tioned, and a full quart, or rather more, of glue-water, of 
fuch a confidence as to feel clammy between the fingers, 
are to be put over the fire : when the mixture has boiled 
feven or eight minutes, one ounce of copperas or vitriol 
of iron is to be added ; and, when it is diffol ved, the liquor 
may be taken off the fire. In this decoction, as foon as 
it is cold,_the linen or cotton, prepared in the manner al¬ 
ready defcribed, is now to be imnterfed. After remain¬ 
ing therein for the fpace of an hour, it may be taken out; 
and, having fird been preffed or wrung, but not waflied, 
may be hungup to dry in the fliade. Here it may be left 
quiet for feme time, in order that the dye may incorporate 
with the fluff, and become fixed therein. 
The decoction of logwood may be kept for feveral 
weeks after it is made, even until it has acquired a bad 
frnell ; as it does not thereby lofe, in the fmalleft degree, 
its colouring property, but, on the contrary, becomes 
more fit for ufe: The addition of white darch to the de¬ 
coCtion of logw'ood, promotes, in a remarkable manner, 
the folution and extraction of the colouring particles of 
that wood : it alfo aflids in giving to the linen or cotton 
a deeper and more beautiful colour. For boiling the in¬ 
gredients, and macerating the duffs, veifels of earth, ot 
brafs, or of copper, may be made ufe of: they fliould not 
be too wide, but the deeper they are the better, as, in 
fuch, the duffs to be dyed may be more conveniently im- 
merfed, without being liable to rife up to the furface of 
the liquor. 
The bath which is didinguidied by the name of black. 
4- c a ik 9 
