1(4 
D Y 
cafk, is employed to give thread a great number of dark 
colours. In order to give a durable violet to thread, a 
mordant is prepared, compofedof two parts of the bath 
of the black calk, and four quarts of water for every 
pound ; this is made to boil, and the feum which forms 
on its furface is removed ; when no more appears, the li¬ 
quor is poured into a vat, and when it is juft warm, four 
ounces ot fulphat ot copper and an ounce of falt-petre 
are d’.ffolved in it; the lkeins are then left in it to foak 
tor ten or twelve hours, wrung and dried. When they 
are to be maddered, they are carefully wafhed and dipped 
in a madder bath. If a deep violet be required, two 
ounces of verdegris are added to the bath ; the colour is 
rendered (till deeper by galling the thread more or lefs, 
before it is put into the mordant, and by omitting the 
falt-petre. But, if the proportion of this lad be in- 
created, and that of the fulphat of copper be diminifhed, 
the violet inclines more to lilac. This is ufed likewife 
for cotton thread ; both fabrics being dyed with the fame 
ingredients, and in the fame manner. 
Among tlie many recent inventions for facilitating and 
improving the art of dying, we think it right to notice 
the following. Mr. Robert Frith, of Selford, in the 
county of Lancafter, obtained a patent dated May 25, 
1798, for a new method of dying different permanent co¬ 
lours upon cotton, linen, woollen, and filk. We lhall 
give the proceffes in his own words : “ I Robert Frith 
do declare, that my new-invented chemical method of 
dying different permanent colours upon all the above- 
mentioned fabrics, is performed in manner following ; 
that is to fay : To dye a permanent draw or yellow co¬ 
lour upon cotton, linen, woollen, and filk, I take one 
pound of the beft blue galls, and boil them in one gallon 
of water; if the galls be of an inferior quality, I boil 
one pound and a half to one gallon of water, and fo in 
proportion to their quality, until I have a fufficient 
quantity of liquor; or I dilute this liquor with water, 
according to the firength or fulnefs of colour I want to 
dye. I work the goods in this liquor very well; after 
which I pafs them through aqua-fortis, killed with block 
tin, as follows. I Jake one pint of water, with one ounce 
of fal-ammoniac diffolved in it, to which I put one pint 
of aqua-fortis, and add to them one ounce and a half of 
block tin ; to this preparation I mix five or fix times its 
quantity of warm water, or I pafs them through fpirits of 
faits, killed with block tin only, and diluted with the 
fame quantity of water; -then I wadi them well in clear 
water, and, if the colour is not fufficiently full, I repeat 
as before, until it is, and then wafh them off in foap and 
warm water, and dry them. 
Another method of dying the fame colours.—After 
working the goods or cloth through the gall liquor pre¬ 
pared as above, I pafs them through a liquor made from 
a(h wood or bark, ground or rafped, or from American 
oak wood or bark, ground or rafped, or from crab-tree 
wood or bark, or from apple-tree wood or bark, or from 
a liquor made from \vQuids, or from fumach, or from two 
or more of the above woods or barks, or from all of them 
mixed together, according to the (hade orfullnefs of the 
colour wanted, as it is inipofiible to fix an exafl quantity 
of woods and barks for the above liquor. They mu ft be 
regulated according to the gcodnefsand ftrgngth of them, 
and the different (hades of colour 1 want to dye, making 
it rtronger or weaker, as I fee occafion ; after which I 
pafs them through aqua-fortis, or fpirits of faits, killed 
with biopk tin as before, and diluted with water; then 
wafii them well in water. After which I wafh them in 
foap and warm water, and dry them ; or I add the aqua¬ 
fortis, or fpirits of lalts, prepared as before, to the liquor 
made from the woods, or barks, till I can tafte the fpirit 
perfectly in the liquor, in which 1 work the goods ten or 
fifteen minutes, and then wafh them as before, and dry 
them. 
Or another way to clye the faid colours.—I pafs the 
goods through the gall liquor, prepared as before j then 
I N G. 
I add to the fame liquor aqua-fortis, or fpirit of faits,. 
prepared as before with block tin, until I can tafte the 
fpirits perfe&ly in the liquor; then 1 work them ten or 
fifteen minutes through this liquor again, after w^jch I 
wafh them off, and dry them as before. To dye a per¬ 
manent nankeen colour on cotton, or goods made of cot¬ 
ton, linen, woollen, and filk; inftead of running the 
goods through a liquor made from alder wood, or bark, 
or mahogany wood or bark,.ground or rafped, and then 
through aqua-fortis, killed with block tin, and diluted 
with water; which method of dying this colour I found 
out, and have praCti fed, for thefe ten years part, but which 
colour had not fufficient firength to refill the aClion of the 
air upon it; I now dye it as follows, which produces as 
permanent and beautiful a colour as any that is dyed in 
the tuft Indies, and capable of refilling the effects of the 
air upon it. I now pafs the goods through the gall li¬ 
quor, prepared as before dated, for the other colour, or 
diluted with water, according to the colour wanted ; then 
through a liquor made from alder wood or bark, ground 
or rafped, or mahogany wood or bark, or doe-tree wood 
or bark, or walnut-tree wood or bark, or from elm-tree 
wood or bark, or from poplar wood or bark, ground or 
rafped, or from tea, or from any two of thefe woods or 
barks, or tea, or from all of them. The quantity of in¬ 
gredients and firength of the liquor, to be proportioned 
to the (hade or fulnefs of the colour I have to dye ; or 1 
mix the gall liquor with this liquor, prepared from the 
woods and barks, in proportion of half a pint or more, 
according to the colour, to one gallon of the wood or 
bark liquor ; after which I run them through aqua-fortis, 
or fpirit of faits, killed with block tin, as before, and di¬ 
luted with five or fix times its quantity of warm water j 
then waft) them in clear water, after that in foap and wa¬ 
ter, and then dry them. 
Another method of dying the above colour.—I pafs 
the goods firft through the liquors prepared from the 
woods or barks, or tea, as before ftated, or any two or 
more of them; then through aqua-fortis, or fpirit of 
faits, killed with block tin, as before ; after which I wafh 
them well in water, and then run them through the gall 
liquor, made as before, and diluted with water, accord¬ 
ing to the (hade the colour is wanted; then through the 
aqua-fortis or fpirit of faits again, or ftrong alum water, 
or a mixture of thefe together ; after which I wafh them 
well in clear water, then through foap and warm water, 
and dry them. 
To dye a permanent buff colour on cotton, or goods 
made of cotton, linen, woollen, or filk, I pafs the goods 
through the gall liquor, made as before for the other co¬ 
lours ; then I work it through a liquor made from Eng- 
1 iIll oak bark, or Englifh oak wood, ground or rafped, or 
from American oak bark or wood, or from alder bark or 
wood, or from crab-tree bark or wood, or from apple-tree 
bark or wood, ground or rafped, or from fumach, or from 
two or more of them, mixed together, according to the 
fhade or fulnefs of colour wanted; then I take out the 
goods, and add to the liquor aqua-fortis, or fpirit of faits, 
k'lled with block tin, as before, till I can tafte the fpirits 
perfectly in the liquor ; then I pafs or work them well 
through this liquor again, for ten or fifteen minutes, after 
which I wafh them well in water, and, if the colour is 
not fufficiently ftrong, I repeat the fame operation over 
again, until it is, and then wafh them off in warm water 
and foap, and dry them. 
Another way to dye the fame colour.—I pafs the goods 
through the gall liquor, made as before, or diluted with 
water, according to the colour I want to dye; then L 
work them through the liquor made from the different 
woods or barks, as before (fated ; then. I pafs them 
through aqua-fortis, or fpirit of faits, killed with block 
tin, as before, and mixed with five or fix times its quan¬ 
tity of warm water; after which I wafh them well in 
clean water, and, if the colour is not fufficiently-ftrong, 
I repeat the fame method over again until it is; then I 
wafh 
