D Y 
Tbe more than thirty inches- at their opening, the more 
the better, and Ihould rife as perpendicularly as conve¬ 
nient. The number of flues or chimneys is immaterial ; 
provided they are fo difpofed as to caufe an equal diftri- 
bution of heat round the boiler. It is very eflential that 
thefe flues or chimneys Ihould be exafl!y of a fize, or 
they will draw unequally. Where the apparatus for 
cooling is not ufcd, there will be room for the dyer to 
throw the cloth from the roller, notwithftanding the 
chimneys; but, if the Situation of the chimneys fhould 
prove inconvenient, an additional roller, made very flight, 
may be put up occafionally a fmall diftance from the 
boiler ; over which the cloth may be conveyed and drop 
at once on the utenfil tifed for carrying the cloth from the 
boiler. By the mode above defcribed, you have nearly 
a perpendicular draught, and the flame impings with afto- 
nifhing force againft the bottom of the boiler, inftead of 
being drawn horizontally upon the fire, as is the'cafe 
where the flame paffes into a flue immediately oppofite 
the furnace door ; and as it leaves the bottom clafps its 
Tides. The whole of the boiler is thus expofed to the 
ftrongeft poffible draught, and in the beft pofiible direc¬ 
tion, being completely enveloped in flame. The faving 
in fuel, and (what is often of more confequence to the 
dyer) in time, I have found to be front one-third to one- 
half over any other mode.” 
Of DYING figured CHI NTS, called CALICO- 
PRINTING. 
It has been long a queftionof confiderable doubt, whe¬ 
ther theEgyptians borrowed this ingenious art front t belli n- 
doos and other inhabitants of India, or whether the latter 
borrowed it front the Egyptians. But if we confider the 
many reafons for believing that this art has been praCtifed 
over the greateft part of India during a long fucceffion 
of ages ; that irot only the art itfelf lubfifted there, but 
that the colouring, and other materials for exerciling it, 
were the natural and peculiar productions of that coun¬ 
try rather than of Egypt; that the Indians were highly 
civilized at 1 eaft twenty-two centuries ago, during which 
fpace of time their manners fuffered little or no change, 
and that their trades were carefully perpetuated in parti¬ 
cular families; and alfo that among thefe their manufac¬ 
tures were undoubtedly of very great antiquity, whilft 
many obvious ways exified by which they could eafily 
be extended to Egypt, and other countries ; all thefe 
eonfiderations feem to decide the honour of the invention 
in favour of India. Major Rennel obferves, that “a 
paflitm for Indian manufactures and products has actuated 
the people of every age, in lower Alia, as well as in the 
civilized parts of Europe. The delicate and unrivalled, 
as well as the coarfGr and more ufeful fabrics of cotton of 
that country, particularly fuited the inhabitants of the 
temperate regions along the Mediterranean and Euxine 
feas. To this tradb the Perfian and Arabian Gulfs opened 
an eafy paliage ; the latter particularly, as the land car¬ 
riage between the Red Sea and the Nile, and between 
the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, took up only a few 
days. It is highly probable, and tradition in India war¬ 
rants the belief of it, that there was from time immemo¬ 
rial an intercourfe between Egypt and Hindooftan, at 
leaft the maritime parts of it; (imilarity of cuftoms in 
many inftances, as related of the ancient Egyptians by 
Herodotus, exifted in the two countries. It appears, 
that under the Ptolemies the Egyptians extended their 
navigation to the extreme point of the Indian continent, 
and even failed up the Ganges to Palibothra,” from 
whence they borrowed the Indian arts and manufactures. 
Monf. du Fay, and the abbe Mazeas, firfl: communi¬ 
cated to the academy of fciences in Paris, the manner in 
which this operation was performed by the. Indians. From 
thefe accounts it appears, that the cotton cloths, when 
brought from the weavers, were worn next to the Jliin by 
the dyer and all his family , during the fpace of eight or ten 
[ N G. 1 67 
days; after which they underwent feveral macerations in 
water with goats’ dung, accompanied with frequent in¬ 
termediate beatings, w a firings, and dryings, in the fun- 
Ihine. Afterwards they were foaked in a mixture of the 
mucilaginous aftringent fruit of the yellow rnyrobalans, 
well bruifed, and of curdled buffaloes milk; and being 
thoroughly penetrated and impregnated therewith, they 
were taken out, and the bquor being well fqueezed from 
them, were dried by expofure to funflrine, and afterwards, 
by preffure and friCtion, made fmooth enough for being 
drawn upon by the pencil, with the different mordants. 
The firfl of thefe was an iron liquor, fimilar to that fince 
employed by the calico-printers of Europe, excepting 
only that, inftead of vinegar or alegar, the iron was dif- 
folved by a mixture of four palm-wine, and of water in 
which rice had been boiled. This liquor w r as applied to 
the figures or fpots intended to become black, and after¬ 
wards the aluminous mordant was applied, commonly by 
children, with the pencil, to the parts intended to be 
made red. To prepare this mordant, two ounces of alum 
were diffolved in two quarts of water, and evaporated till 
it left only a refiduum of eleven grains of fea fait. To 
colour this folution, fo that the (Irokes of the pencil in 
applying it might be vifible, a little fappan wood, ( cafal - 
piuia fappan of Lin.) in powder, was fteeped in the folu¬ 
tion, which being afterwards drained, was thickened with 
gum, and applied as before-mentioned ; after which the 
cotton fo penciled was expofed to the hotted funflrine, 
in order that the parts to which the mordants had been 
applied might be dried as much as poffible; and then 
the cottons were thoroughly foaked in large pits of wa¬ 
ter, to cleanfe them from the fuperfluous parts of the 
different mordants, as well as from the buffaloes milk, 
See. and this being done, they were dyed in water, with 
certain roots anfwering nearly in their effeCts to thofe of 
madder. Of thefe there are feveral forts ufed for dying- 
red in different parts of India; that above-mentioned is 
a fpecies of gallium, called on the coafts of Coromandel 
and Malabar by the names of chaia, chayaver, and rayt de 
chaye. The cottons thus penciled, and gradually made 
to boil in water with a fuitable quantity of this root, 
were dyed red, where the folution of alum had been ap¬ 
plied, and black in thofe parts on which the iron liquor 
had been penciled; and after being dyed, the cottons un¬ 
derwent three different walkings with goats’ dung, foap, 
Sec. were then bleached by being expofed to the fun, 
and watered occafionally, to remove the fiain on the parts 
intended to remain white. 
It appears, that in this operation the buffalo’s milk, 
and more efpecially the aftringent juice of the myrobu- 
lans, produced very important effects, by their attraction 
for the aluminous earth, by which they contributed great¬ 
ly to decompofe or feparate it from the fulphuric acid, 
and confequently to fix it more firmly in the cotton ; 
and, being fo fixed, it was enabled more ftrongly to at¬ 
tract and retain the colouring matter of the chaia root 
whilft in the dying veffel, and thereby to produce a more 
permanent red in the different fpots, figures, or defigns, 
where the alum liquor had been applied. A mixture of 
this and of the iron liquor, aCting and applied in the 
ways before-mentioned, produced alfo a durable purple, 
in the fame dying veffel, upon the pabts impregnated 
therewith ; and confequently one dying with the colour¬ 
ing matter of a Angle root, produced at the fame time 
reds, purples, and blacks. The Eaft-Indian method of 
dying blue from indigo, by covering over the ground 
with wax, is to prevent the aCtion of the blue upon the 
white parts ; becaufe, from its fixed nature, it cannot be 
removed or bleached out. The yellow colour employed 
for calico-printing in that country is undeferving of no¬ 
tice, it being compofed only of a decoction of cadouc&i- 
pou, a fpecies of galls, produced on the yellow myroba- 
lan tree, (which give a dull yellow,) and of a fuitable 
portion of alum, which, being thickened with gum, and 
