2 26 E C H 
considerable depth. As foon as the fifhermen Tee one in 
motion, they throw the fucker into the water, retaining 
one end of the cord. The filh, being thus partly free, 
endeavours to fwim away, but finding itlelf retained by 
the cord, it takes as large a circle as pollible, feeling 
about for fomething to faften on ; and thus, by the ma¬ 
noeuvres of the boatmen, it generally meets with the tor- 
toife they are purfuing, and'fticks itfelf fo tight on the 
under (hell, that the fiihermen eafily draw both out to¬ 
gether. 
2. Echeneis remora, the finaller fucking-fifh : fpecific 
charadter, tail-fin crefcent-fhaped. It has nine rays in 
the membrane of the gills, twenty-two in the pecto¬ 
ral fin, four in the ventral, twenty in the anal and tail, 
and twenty-one in the dorfal. The body is covered with 
a vifcous matter, and full of little perforations, whence 
this matter oozes out; Gronovius fays there are fmall 
fcales, but Bloch could not difcover any even with a 
magnifier. The buckler has a cartilaginous rim, and 
covers the top of the head, extending a little way down 
the back, and confiding of from (ixteen to nineteen fur¬ 
rows, and as many railed lines in two rows; but the 
number of lines appears not to be conftant, though Lin¬ 
naeus forms the fpecific character from them. The eyes 
are fmall, pupil black, iris filvery. The membrane of 
the gills is loofe at the lower part. The back is round, 
and of a dark colour, which becomes infenfibly white 
towards the belly. Cepede fays the colour is uniform 
all over, and without any fpots. The fins are of a grey 
colour edged with brown, with foft ramified rays, and 
covered with a thick membrane. This fpecies is alfo 
found both in the Mediterranean and the Ocean. Ofbec 
obferved it at the Canaries, Renard at the Moluccas, 
Catelby in Carolina, Schaepf at New York, and Sloane 
at Jamaica. As they have but little flefh, they are not 
ufed for food ; fuch as are caught being moftly kept for 
the cabinets of the curious. They will follow veflels, 
and may be eafily caught with a hook baited with flelh. 
Sometimes they flick .to the keel of a fhip, but more fre¬ 
quently to the fhark, and feveral of them are fometimes 
found upon one ; Catefby found four or five faftened to 
a fhark, and it was with difficulty he could difengage 
them : the fame author remarks, that this fifh fwims 
freely about the (hark, which never offers to devour it. 
Its power of fudlion is fo ftrong, that Commerfon de¬ 
clares, that, having prefented his thumb to a living one, 
it communicated a numbnefs like a paralytic kffedtion, 
which did not fubfide for a long time. It does not faften 
on fifh for the purpofe of feeding upon them, or fucking 
their juices, as its name would feem to imply, for there 
is no communication between this part of the head and 
the throat; but only for reft, or for a more eafy convey¬ 
ance; and, perhaps, for fome remains of food or little 
worms which may Hick about the fhark, which is the 
fifh it is moft ufually attached to. They faften them- 
felves to fhips bottoms, and to rocks, &c. in ftormy wea¬ 
ther. When they fwim alone, it is moft commonly on 
their back, contrary to other fifties ; the reafon may be, 
that the weight of their helmet makes them incline to 
the polition of carrying it downwards. This fpecies is 
feldom more than a foot and a half or two feet long. As 
this and the preceding are often confounded together, and 
have been regarded as one fpecies, we have given figures 
of both, on the annexed engraving. 
3. Echeneis lineata, the lineated fucker: fpecific cha¬ 
racter, tail wedge-ftiaped, and head with ten ftreaks. The 
dorfal fin has thirty-five rays, the pedtoral eighteen, ven¬ 
tral five, anal thirty-three, tail fourteen. It inhabits the 
Pacific ocean : is about five inches long ; body fubulate, 
fmooth, dark brown, dotted with minute darker fpots, 
and ornamented with two whitifh longitudinal lines on 
each fide, which begin at the eyes and end in the tail. 
Lower jaw longer than the upper; teeth minute in both. 
This was firft defcribed by Archibald Menzies, in the 
firft volume of the Tranfadtions of the Linnasan Society, 
E C H 
E'CHEVfN,y! [Fr.] A magiftrate elected by the in¬ 
habitants of fome cities and towns, to take care of their 
common concerns, and regulate their police. 
ECHILLEU'SE, a town of France, in the department 
of the Loiret: feven miles eaft of Pithiviers. 
E'CHINATE, or Echinated, adj. [from echinus, I.at.J 
Bridled like an hedge-hog; fet with prickles.—An echi¬ 
nated pyrites in fhape approaches the echinated cryftalline 
balls. Woodward. —In botany it is applied to all fuch 
plants, or parts of plants, as are befet with fpines or 
prickles. 
ECHINI'TES, f. [from Gr. a hedge-hog. J A 
petrifadfion of the echinus or lea-urchin, called by Dr. 
Hill centronia. 
ECHINOMELOCAC'TUS. See Cactus. 
ECHINO'PHOR A, f. [from e^ivo;, Gr. a hedge-hog, 
and (psgs;, to bear; on account of the pricklinefs of its 
fruit.] Prickly parfnip : in botany, a genus of the clafs 
pentandria, order digynia, natural order umbellatce, or 
umbelliferte. The generic characters are—Calyx : um¬ 
bel univerfal, with very many rays ; the intermediate 
one Ihorter; partial, with very many feilile flowers, the 
central one feffile, receiving the germs between the pedi¬ 
cels ; involucre univerfal, with fome lharp rays; partial 
turbinate, one-leafed, (ix-cleft, acute, unequal; perian- 
thium proper, five-toothed, permanent, very fmall. Co¬ 
rolla: univerfal difform, rayed, flofcules male, abortive; 
the central one of the umbel female ; proper five-petal- 
led ; petals unequal, patulous. Stamina: filaments five, 
fimple ; antherae roundifh. Piftillum : germ oblong, in¬ 
ferior, clothed with an involucel ; ftyles two, fimple ; 
ftigmas fimple. Pericarpium : none, in place of which is 
a hardened mucronate involucre. Seed : fingle, ovate- 
oblong.— EJfential CharaEler. Lateral flowers male ; cen¬ 
tral hermaphrodite ; feed one, inunerfed in an involucel. 
Species. 1. Echinophora fpinofa, or prickly fea-parfnip: 
leaflets fubulate-fpiny, quite entire. Root perennial, creep¬ 
ing ; llalks branching, rive or fix inches high, with Ihort 
thick leaves, terminating in two or three lharp thorns, and 
oppofite, in pairs ; flowers in an umbel, on a naked pedun¬ 
cle, which arifes from the fide of the ftalk; corolla white. 
It flowers in June. Native of the fea-coaft of Europe, 
efpecially in the Mediterranean Sea. It was found by 
Mr. Ray on the fea-coaft of Lancashire, and by Mr. Black- 
ftone- between Feverfham and Sea Salter. In tire former 
in thefe places it has lately been fearched for without 
fuccefs. 
2. Echinophora tenuifolia, or fine-leaved fea-parfnip ; 
leaflets gailied, unarmed. Stalk near a foot and a half 
high; whence come out two oppofite (ide-branches at every 
joint. At the lower part of it are leaves finely divided, 
like thofe of the carrot. The flowers grow in fmall um¬ 
bels at the extremities of the branches, having a Ihort 
prickly involucre. It flowers in July. Native of the 
fea-coaft of Apulia. They were both cultivated by Mr. 
Miller before 1759. 
Propagation and Culture. Thefe plants, not producing 
feeds here, are increafed by their creeping roots. Trans¬ 
plant them the beginning of March, a little before they 
Shoot. Place them in a warm fituation, and a dry foil ; 
or elfe cover them in winter to prevent the froft from ae- 
ftroying them. See Caucahs, Daucus, Osbeckia, 
and Elephantopus. 
ECHINOPHTHAL'MIA,yi [tromGr. ahedge- 
hog, and o<p 0 aApes, an inflammation of the eye.] An n- 
flammation of the eye-lids, where the hairs briftle out 
like the fpines of a hedge-hog. 
E'CHINOPS,/; [from E-j^no;, Gr. a hedge-hog, and 
appearance; on account of the roughnefs of thefe plants.] 
The Globe-Thistle; in botany, a genus of the clafs fyn- 
genefia, order polygamia fegregata, natural order composi¬ 
te capitatae, (cinarocephalte, JuJf.) The generic charac¬ 
ters are—Calyx: common many-leaved; with fcales fubu¬ 
late, totally reflected, containing many flowers; perian- 
thium partial one-flowered, oblong, imbricate, cornered ; 
leaflets 
