E C H 
leaflets Tubulate, loofe above, upright, permanent. Co¬ 
rolla : one-petalled, length of the calyx, tubular; bor¬ 
der five-cleft, reflex, fpreading. Stamina: filaments five, 
capillary, very (hort; antherae cylindric, tubular, five¬ 
toothed. Piftillum : germ oblong; fiyle filiform, length 
of the corolla ; ftigma double, fomevvhat deprell'ed, rolled 
back. Pericarpium, none; calyx unchanged, larger. Seeds 
fingle,ovate-oblong, narrowerat the bafe, with obtufe tip ; 
down obfeure. Receptacle: common-globofe, briftly.— 
EJfentiaLCharaEler . Calyx, one-flowered; corolla, tubular, 
hermaphrodite; receptacle, briftly ; down obfeure. 
Species. 1. Echinops fphaerocephalus, or great globe- 
thiftle : heads globular, leaves finuate, pubefeent. Root 
perennial; ftalks many, four or five feet high ; leaves 
long and jagged, divided into many fegments, the jags 
ending in fpines. There are feveral globular heads of 
flowers on each ftalk; florets commonly blue, fometimes 
white. Thefe come out in July, and the feeds ripen in 
Augull. Native of France, Spain, Italy, Auftria, Car- 
niola, and Germany. Cultivated in 1596 by Gerarde. 
2. Echinops fpinofus, or thorny-headed globe-thiftle: 
heads interfperfed with long fpines. Native of Egypt 
and Arabia. Perennial. 
3. Echinops ritro, or fmall globe-thiftle ; head globu¬ 
lar ; leaves pinnatifid, fmooth above. This has a peren¬ 
nial creeping root, fending up ftalks two feet high, and 
branching. Each branch is terminated by a globular 
head of flowers, fmaller than thofe of the firft, and of a 
deeper blue, but fometimes white : they come out in 
July. The roots are bitter, diuretic, and nourifhing: 
quadrupeds, efpecially the horfe and goat, eat the heads. 
Native of France, Italy, and Siberia. 
4. Echinops ftrigofus, or annual globe-thiftle: heads 
in bundles ; lateral calyxes barren ; leaves ftrigofe above. 
It is an annual plant; native of Spain and Portugal. 
Cultivated in 1731 by Miller. 
5. Echinops Graccus, or Grecian echinops: ftem one¬ 
headed ; leaves fpiny; all pinnatifid and villofe; root 
perennial, creeping; ftalks, a foot high; leaves fliorter 
and much finer divided than the preceding forts; hoary, 
and armed on every fide with (harp thorns ; ftalks termi¬ 
nated by one globular head of flowers, blue or white, ap¬ 
pearing in June. Native of Greece, whence Tournefort 
lent the feeds to the royal garden at Paris. 
Propagation and Culture. Thefe plants are eafily propa¬ 
gated by feeds, which, if permitted to fcatter, the plants 
will come up in plenty, and a few of them may be tranf- 
planted to the places where they are defigned to remain 
to flower ; they require no other culture but to keep them 
clean from weeds; the fecond year they will flower and 
produce feeds, and the roots will continue two or three 
years after. They will grow' almoft in any foil or filia¬ 
tion. See Carthamus and Rolandra. 
F.CHINORYN'CHUS, in helmintology, a genus of 
worms, belonging to the order of inteftina ; the characters 
of which are thefe : body round : probofeis cylindrical 
retraftile, and crowned with hooked prickles. Thefe are 
found fixed very firmly to the vifeera of various animals, 
generally the inteftines; and often remain on the fame 
fpot during the whole life of the animal : they are mofily 
gregarious, and are eafily diftinguifhed from the tteniaby 
their round inarticulate body. They are divided into 
four claflcs, viz. I. Infefting the Mammalia.—Of thefe 
there are four fpecies : 1. The Phocte : body pale : intef- 
tine milk-white and fpiral, found in great numbers in the 
inteftines of the harp and rough leal, and often nearly 
devours them: from three inches and a half to eight 
inches long. This is (hewn in the engraving at fig. 3. 
2. Tubifer : body glabrous and tapering behind into a fine 
hair: found in the ftomach of the harp feal: about an 
inch long. 3. Gigas : clear white ; probofeis fneathed, 
with numerous rows of hooked prickles : found in the in¬ 
teftines of fwine, efpecially thofe which have been fat¬ 
tened in fties : is gregarious, and from twelve to eighteen 
inches long. That which is found in the boar is of a blue- 
ilh caft. 4. Balsente ; found in the inteftines of the whale. 
ECU 227 
II. Infefting Birds.—Of thefe there are fourteen fpe¬ 
cies now known, viz. the Buteor.is: found in-the intef¬ 
tines of the buzzard : two inches long. The Scopis, found 
in the larger inteftines of the Strix fcops. The Aluconis, 
found in the inteftines of the Strix aluco: (hewn at fig. 4. 
The Strigis, found in the larger inteftines of the taivny owl. 
The Pici, found in the inteftines of the piens erithroce- 
phalus and viridis ; is gregarious, and about half an inch 
long. The Borealis, found in the inteftines of the eider 
duck. The Bofchadis, found in the inteftines of the 
common duck. The Anatis, found in the inteftines of 
the velvet duck. The Mergi, found in confidecable 
numbers in the inteftines of the mergus minutus. The 
Alcae, found in the inteftines of the auk: four inches 
long. The Ardeas, found in the inteftines of the heron: 
body conic behind, and finuate each fide in the middle. 
The Gazae, found in the great w'hite heron. The Va- 
naelli, found in the inteftines of the lapwing. The Me. 
rulae, found in the black-bird and tree-fparrovv, 
III. Infefting Reptiles.—Of thefe, two fpecies only are 
known, viz. the Ranae, found in the inteftine of frogs: is 
gregarious, greenifh, or pale grey. The.Falcatus, found 
in the duodenum of the falamander, near the pylorus. 
IV. Infefting Fiftt.—Of thefe, twenty-eight fpecies have 
been afeertained, found in the inteftines of the eel, the 
fword-fiflt, torfk, whiting-pout, whiting, blennius, ruffe, 
perch, cod-fifti, turbot, flounder, father-laftier, bream, 
ioche, trout, falrnon, pike, fluid, barbel, roach, frog-filh, 
fturgeon, and many other fillies. In the engraving are 
given corredt figures of the Candidas, at fig. 5, which is 
found in the whiting, perch, and carp. Fig. 6, the lineo- 
lalus, found in the'cod-fi(h. Fig. 7, the Jalmonis, found 
in falrnon. Fig. 8, the attenuatus, as found preying on 
the inteftines of the flounder, with a piece of the inteftine 
to (hew their pofition. 
ECHINOU', a town of European Turkey, in the pro¬ 
vince of Albania : eight miles north-eaft of Zeiton. 
ECHI'NUS, f. [Lat. a hedge-hog, from their being 
clothed with fpines.] In helmintology, the Sea Urchin, 
a genus belonging to the order of vermes mollufca. The 
body is roundilh, covered with a cruftaceous (hell, befet 
with moveable prickles ; the mouth is below, and confifts 
of five valves. Many fpecies have hitherto only been 
found in a follil (late, and conftitute the echinitcs and centra- 
nia of different naturalifts. The pores are each furnilhed 
with a retradlile tentaculum or feeler, by which the animal 
affixes itfelf to any objedt, and (lops its motion : the fpines 
are connected to the outer (kin by very ftrohg ligaments, 
and are the inftruments of motion. The hiftoiy of thefe 
curious and elegant cruftaceous animals might be confi- 
dered as a branch of Conchologv, (belonging to the 
clals of multivalves,) fince the characters are drawn from 
the (hell, and not from the animal included in it. Why 
they were feparated, may be feen by confulting that article, 
in vol. v. p. 14 and 35. The echini are all fea-animals, 
moftly of a round or oVal form, included in a fubftance 
more or lefshard, but always very brittle, not dividing into 
laminae, but of a porous appearance like fugar. Their 
round (liape acquired them the trivial nameof lea-buttons ; 
but, as their covering is almoft always befet with prickles, 
they are generically called echinimarini, orfea hedge-hogs. 
The fubftance of the animal is gelatinous, interfperfed 
with many fibres, almoft like the fpleen, lungs, and liver, 
of other animals. The covering is generally divided into 
five plots, or chambers, proceeding from the mouth, 
which in fome fpecies is furniflied with five teeth, of long 
cutting bones. Thefe animals, when boiled, become 
hard like an egg: fome fpecies may be eaten, but mod 
of them are rejected on account of their difagreeable 
tafte. The (hell has always two apertures, one of which 
is conftantly in the centre at the bottom; this is the 
mouth. The other aperture is fometimes underneath, 
and befide the mouth ; but it is often in the centre at 
top; this is the vent, whence the excrements are voided. 
In all the fpecies the fhell is flatted underneath and raifed 
or vaulted above ; and the raifed furnmit is either round 
and 
