ECHINUS. 
200 
caufe the tubercles are fmaller. It is covered with a 
black {kin ; but when cleaned with foft water and a brulh, 
and expofed to the air, it becomes white, and the ten 
black flriae which divide it appear. The 1 'pines are from 
two to fix inches long ’; and are very rarely feen in cabi¬ 
nets unlefs feparately. They are very thin and brittle; 
of a dark brown colour; the lower extremity not thicker 
than a large pin, and the point very fine : their ftrud'tnre 
is made up of a number of little rings, fo finely ferrated 
as to be invifible to the eye, but very perceptible to the 
touch ; for they feel fmooth when drawn between the 
fingers upwards, but rough when ttroked downwards from 
the tip. It has as many fpines as tubercles; the longer 
fpines arifing from the largeft tubercles. Some fpecimens 
have the fpines fpeckled, that is, the rings are alternately 
white and black. Thefe are very beautiful and rare. 
This curious fpecies is correctly (hewn in Plate II. fig. 2. 
24. Echinus mamill'atus : hemifpherical-oval, with ten 
winding avenues; the fpaces muricate and warty, the 
narrower ones abbreviated. Inhabits the Southern Seas; 
and are valued as a nourifhing and favoury food. Spaces 
ten, the papillae not perforated as in the la ft, but furround- 
ed withclevated circles ; in the larger fpaces are from fix- 
teen to eighteen protuberances, the middle ones larger, in 
the leffer fpaces about fourteen; avenues with four or five 
pair of pores at the bafe; mouth large 5 vent rounded, and 
furrounded with ten fcales, five of which are perforated ; 
colour of the fpines variable. The back is more railed 
and pointed than in the preceding ; not refembling a com- 
preffed fphere, but rather oblong-hemifpherical. The 
tubercles are large, but not fo regular as thofe of the pre¬ 
ceding; neither are the divifions fo di/lin6tly feparated. 
It is not therefore difficult to riifiinguifh them, though 
they have often been confounded. Between the large 
tubercles are difpofed a great many final 1 ones, not larger 
than millet-feed. The (hell is of a reddifli colour, or like 
apple-tree bloffom. The fpines, from their rounded form, 
are called fingers. This fpecies is reprefented in Plate II. 
fig. 3 ; and the (hell, without the fpines, at fig. 4. 
25. Echinus lucunter : hemifpherical-oval, with ten 
flextious avenues ; fpaces muricate, the narrower ones 
longitudinal. Inhabits the Indian Ocean, and varies 
much in colour; fometimes yellow-cinereous, fometimes 
blueilh and blackiih ; the bale pulvinate. Mouth large; 
in each fpace is two fingle rows of larger warts, and a 
fextuple row of fmall ones in the larger fpaces,. which in 
the lelfer is quintuple; avenues with four or five pair of 
pores towards the ends, and fix in the middle. 
26. Echinus atratus: hemifpherical-oval and (lightly 
deprefied ; with very fhort obtufe truncate fpines, the mar¬ 
ginal ones clavate and deprefied. Inhabits the Indian Seas. 
Circumference nearly orbicular, cinereous inclining to 
violet; fpaces ten, very finely.granulate, with fometimes 
an ofiluple row of larger protuberances in the larger ones, 
difpofed in a quincunx, and a double row in the fmaller 
ones ; avenues brown, excavated, granulate, broad, with 
four rows of pores ; fpines violet,.fome of them clavate, 
dome angular at the tip, and fome cylindrical. 
27. Echinus coronalis : hemifpherical-orbicular,. with 
ten fpaces alternately narrower and. covered with fcat- 
tered papillae ; avenues flat, meeting, in confluent pairs 
before the area of the crown. As yet has only been found 
in a fofGle (late, in a.chalky and flinty foil. 
28. Echinus afierizans : orbicular deprefied ; tubercles 
furrowed with a groove up to the tip, and furrounded 
with a circle of granulations.. Found among chalk in a 
fofiile (late, • 
29. Echinus afliulatus: (hell fcutellate, the fcutels uni¬ 
ted by tranfverfe futures. Probably not adiftinCl fpecies. 
30. Echinus fardicus : orbicular deprefied tuberculate, 
with ten impreffed avenues ; the fpaces multifarioufly tu~ 
bercled, with an imprefled future down the middle. In¬ 
habits theTufcan and Adriatic leas ; large, grey-yellow- 
ilh-red, the bale nearly flat and more yellow ; larger fpaces. 
with tubercles difpofed in from eight to twelve rows, witH- 
leffer ones and fmall granulations in the interftices ; the 
leffer fpaces with from four to fix rows of fmaller tuber¬ 
cles; avenues with five pair of pores placed in an arched 
row ; mouth fmall, with.ten finuofities. 
31. Echinus flammeus: hemifpherical deprefied ; the 
fpaces void of tube.-cles in the middle towards the upper 
parts, the leffer ones more elevated; avenues narrow, and 
bounded on each fide by a row of tubercles. Olive-green, 
the tubercles and bafe of the avenues whiter ; larger 
fpaces with twelve rows of tubercles at the foroadeft part, 
leffer fpaces with three, each tubercle furrounded with; 
a circle of leffer ones; avenues hardly two lines broad,, 
with three pair of pores intermixed with granulations 
mouth fmall; vent furrounded with pentangular fcales. 
32. Echinus variegatus: orbicular fubangular ; middle- 
fpaces rofy, rich green on each fide; avenues whitilh-- 
green ; bafe whitifh. The larger fpaces have the appear¬ 
ance of three or four warts furrounded with granulations, 
leffer fpaces a little elevated with three rows of' wmrts ; 
avenues with three pair of pores; mouth roundiffs, and 
very faintly finuate. 
33. Echinus puffulofus : the larger fpaces are divided 
in the middle by a future, with numerous tranfverfe rows 
of tubercles, increaiing in number towards the middle; 
leffer fpaces more elevated. Hardly an inch high, and 
about two in diameter, brownilh grey inclining to red, 
the leffer fpaces paler, the bafe whitilh, and the protube¬ 
rances reddiffi ; fpaces ten, the larger ones with a rough 
difk, the future bounded by minute granulations on each: 
fide, with rows of tubercles, confiding at firff of one, then- 
of two, fo that in the middle they amount to about ten ; 
leffer fpaces with two rows of tubercles with a ferrate line 
and minute granulations between them ; avenues with 
four or five pair of pores running, into oblique lines ; 
mouth with broad finuofities. 
34. Echinus granulatus : fuborbicular fubangular; mid¬ 
dle of the fpaces naked, and divided by a future ferrate 
on each fide, the larger ones with ('even rows of tubercles,. 
the leffer ones with four. About three quarters of an 
inch high, and one inch and a half in diameter; the bafe 
pulvinate, and with the margin of the larger fpaces green- 
ilh-grey; middle of the larger fpaces and the leffer ones 
dull.green ; avenues with three pair of pores placed-in a 
triangle ; vent circular, with ten (tales at the margin ex¬ 
panded like, a role. 
35. Echinus teffellatus: with ten fpaces divided in the 
middle by a future, and teffeliate; avenues ten biporous; 
mouth circular. Found hitherto only in a fcffile (late. 
36. Echinus botryoides : fpaces- divided by a longitu¬ 
dinal future in the middle, the larger ones bifarioufiy tu¬ 
berculate ; avenues with a double curved row of pores. 
Found as yet only in a fofiile (late. 
37. Echinus toreumaticus : hemifpherical, with ten 
fpaces bifariotifly tuberculate, the, tubercles crenate and 
f urrounded by. a circle of granulations ; the larger fpaces 
with four longitudinal grooves, the leffer ones with two. 
Cinereous bluei.h or greenifh, the bafe and avenues yel- 
lowifh ; avenues 'biporous, the pores placed in a thickly 
ferrate line; bafe pulvinate; mouth fmall; vent fur¬ 
rounded with tell fcales'. 
Something refembling the figure of a (hield. 38. Echi¬ 
nus finuatus, the polar dune: convex ; avenues ten, ftriate;. 
fpaces ten; tubercles furrounded with a circle of granula¬ 
tions. Found hitherto only inafoffile (late. Oneof the fpaces 
divided by an excavated (inns; avenues broad and punc¬ 
tured at each margin; bafe.a little excavated and furrowed 
by five divergent grooves ; mouth fmall, pentagonal. 
39. Echinus femiglobofus: hemifpherical, grooved, 
with a flat bafe ; the protuberances placed in rows. Found 
hitherto in a foflile (inte only. 
40. Echinus quinquelabiatus : painted with innumera¬ 
ble annulations, with a hollow in the middle furrounding 
a five-rayed convex liar. Found hitherto among foflils only. 
41 . Echinus 
