E G 
to women aIfo, he names an Egyptian queen, Nicaule, 
who fucceeded them. Laftly, I find, adds Jofephus, from 
the ancient records of our nation, that from the age of 
Solomon no king' of Egypt had any longer the name of 
Pharaoh. But Jofephus is not very accurate in this paffage. 
True it is, Herodotus fays, that Mines, or Minteus, was 
the firfl king of Egypt, and founder of Memphis ; that 
there were 330 kings after him in Egypt; that after them 
there was a queen called Nicotris, and not Nicaule,. as 
Jofephus Writes it; but it is not true that thefe kings had 
110 other name but Pharaoh. Herodotus fays exprefsly, 
that in the books of the Egyptian priefis were read the 
names and the catalogue of 330 kings; that in this num¬ 
ber of 330 there were eighteen Ethiopians, and a woman 
that was a foreigner, called Nicotris, and that all the 
others were Egyptians. Thefe princes, therefore, had 
every one his proper name mentioned in the catalogue of 
the Egyptian kings, and which, in the order of this trea- 
tife we fhall follow. So likewife we fee in the frag¬ 
ments of Manetho, that every king of Egypt had a name 
peculiar to him; and we find the name Pharaoh only in 
fcripture. 
What Jofephus adds concerning queen Nicauld, or Ni¬ 
cotris, whom he pretends to be the fame as the queen of 
Sheba, of whom mention is made in fcripture, 1 Kings, x. 
1, 2, &c. is entirely fabulous ; and as to what he lays, 
that fince the time of Solomon the kings of Egypt have 
no longer had the name of Pharaoh, is manifeltiy falfe, 
fince we Hill find this name in the fecond book of Kings, 
under Hezekiah, 2 Kings, xviii. 21 ■ under Jofiah, xxiii. 
29, 3°> 33 j &c. where this name is joined to Necho, which 
was the proper name of this prince ; under Jehoiakim, 
xxiii. 35 ; and in the prophets Ifaiah, Jeremiah, and Eze¬ 
kiel, who are much later than Solomon. It is very pro¬ 
bable that the Egyptians gave the name of Pharaoh to 
their kings as long as the Egyptian language was in com¬ 
mon ufe, and as long as their kings were of their own 
nation : but after the conqueft of Egypt by Alexander 
the Great, and that the Grecians introduced their lan¬ 
guage with their government, the name of Pharaoh was 
known no longer among them, being fupplied by that 
of Ptolemy, a title applied to the Greek monarchs who 
reigned over Egypt, as Pharaoh had before been to its 
native kings. 
The firfi prince known to us by the name of Pharaoh 
was he in whofe time Abraham went down to Egypt, 
when Sarah, who palled only for Abraham’s filler, was 
by the command of Pharaoh brought to his palace in or¬ 
der to become his wife. But the Lord fmote Pharaoh 
and his family with great infirmities, and gave him to 
know that (lie was Abraham’s wife; whereupon Pharaoh 
Cent for Abraham, reftored him his wife, and at the fame 
-time gave orders that he fltould be conducted out of 
Egypt, with every tiling that belonged to him. The 
fecond Pharaoh fpoken of in the fcriptures is he that 
reigned when Jofeph arrived there. This prince, or his 
fuccefifbr, had the myflerious dream of the fat and lean 
kine, and the feven full and barren ears of corn, which 
Jofeph explained fo well to his fatisfadlion, that he made 
him governor of his houfe and of all Egypt, refervlng 
only to hintfelf the name of a king. This is the fame 
Pharaoh that fent for and entertained the patriarch Jacob 
and his family in Egypt, and gave them the land of Gofiien 
for their habitation. The third Pharaoh known in holy 
writ is he that perfecuted the Ifraelites. Mofes tells us 
that he was a new king, and had no knowledge of Jofeph, 
Exod. i. 8. This prince, obferving that the Ifraelites 
were become very numerous and powerful, refolved to 
deprefs them by hardfhip and labour; and fet cruel and 
pitilefs tafkmafters over them. But the more he oppreffed 
them, the fafter they multiplied ; infomuch that he gave 
orders to the Egyptian midwives, who aflifted the Hebrew 
women in their labour, to put all tile male children to 
death, and to fave alive the females only. But this com¬ 
mand was not executed. The midwives feared the Lord, 
Y P T. S9I 
and preferved alive not only the female children, but the 
males alfo. Pharaoh, feeing this edidt did not fucceed, 
publiflied a decree, Exod. i. 22. that all the male chil¬ 
dren born of Hebrew women fhould be thrown into the 
Nile, and that only the females (liould be fpared. This 
order was rigoroufly executed ; yet, by the providence 
of God, Mofes was preferved,'and even brought up in 
Pharaoh’s own court, by his own daughter, who by chance 
had found the child as he was expofed upon the Nile. 
Mofes being grown up, and having killed an Egyptian 
who had abufed an Hebrew, was obliged to fly from 
Egypt to avoid the death that Pharaoh had threatened 
to influT upon him. Several years after, when about 
eighty years old, he returned again by an order from 
God, and performed the mighty miracles before Pharaoh. 
There is great probability that this Pharaoh, before whom 
Mofes appeared, and in whofe fight he fmote Egypt with 
fo many plagues, was a different perfon from him who 
would have laid hands on him after he had (lain the 
Egyptian. This fame Pharaoh having at laft been com¬ 
pelled to fend away the Hebrews, and to fuffer them to 
go out of Egypt, purfued them at the head of his army 
with his chariots, and was drowned in the Red Sea, 
wherein lie had rafiily entered in the eagernefs of his pur- 
fuit. Hiftorians pretend to give us the name of this Pha¬ 
raoh ; fume, as Appictn, call him Amofis or Amafis; 
..Eufebius calls him Chenchris ; Ufher calls him Ameno- 
phis; but we muff not look for accuracy among vague 
conjectures. 
The fifth Pharaoh known to us in the Bible, is he that 
gave protection to Hadad foil of the king of Edom, who 
gave him to wife the fitter of his own queen,, enriched 
him with lands, and brought up his fon Genubah in his 
own court. Hadad returned to Idumea after the death 
of David. The fixth Pharaoh is he that gave his daughter 
in marriage to Solomon king of the Hebrews, 1 Kings, 
iii. 1. and, having taken Gezer, he fet it on fire, drove 
the Canaanites out of it, and gave it for a prefent to Solo¬ 
mon, in lieu of a dowry for his daughter, whom he had 
married to this prince, x Kings, ix. 16. The feventh is 
Shifliak, who entertained Jeroboam in his dominions, a 
rebellious fubjec! of Solomon, and offered him a refuge 
in oppofition to the king his mafter. The fame Shifliak 
declared war again!! Rehoboam the fon and fucceffor of 
Solomon, befieged and took Jerufalem, carried away all 
the king’s treafures, and thofe of the houfe of God, and 
particularly the golden bucklers that Solomon had made. 
The eighth is that Pharaoh with whom Hezekiah made a 
league again!! Sennacherib king of Affyria, in the year of 
the world 3290. This Pharaoh is probably the fame 
whom Herodotus names Sethon, prieft of Vulcan, who 
came to meet Sennacherib before Pelufium, and to whole 
affifiance.Vulcan fent an army of rats, which gnawed the 
bow-firings and the thongs of the bucklers of Sennache¬ 
rib’s foldiers. The ninth is Pharaoh Necho, or Neclnis 
fon of Pfammiticus, who made war with Jofiah, and fub- 
dued hint. Herodotus alfo mentions this prince. The 
tenth is Pharaoh Hophra, who entered into an alliance 
with Zedekiah king of Judah, and attempted to come to 
his affifiance again!! Nebuchadnezzar king of Chaldea. 
It was again!! this Pharaoh that Ezekiel pronounced feve- 
ral of his prophecies. See Ezek. xxix. xxx. xxxi. xxxii. 
He is called Apries in Herodotus. He is alfo mentioned 
in Habakkuk, ii. 15. See alfo Ifaiah, xix. xx. and Jere¬ 
miah, xlvi. 16. We fhall now give the ancient hiftory of 
the Egyptian kings, from the records afforded us by pro¬ 
fane authors. 
Menes is generally acknowledged as the firfi king who 
fwayed the Egyptian feeptre. In his time the greatefi: 
part of the country was ,a morafs, till he diverted the 
courfe of the Nile, and founded the city of Memj-.his 
within the ancient bed of that river. He was the firfi: 
who infiruCled the Egyptians in theology ; introduced 
domefiic luxury ; and inftituted magnificent feafts. 
Herodotus informs 11s, that the Egyptians had a cata¬ 
logue 
