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influence of fear or diflruft. Of this I have feen many 
inftances; nor do I recollect one male elephant in ten, 
which had been taken after having attained his full 
growth, much difpofed to have connexion with a female. 
This is a mod convincing proof, that thofe males which 
are taken early in life, and have been domefticated for 
many years, more readily procreate their fpecies than 
elephants taken at a later period. In their wild (late, 
however, they (how no reluctance ; for, befides all the 
males that aVe entrapped, from their delire to have con¬ 
nexion with the trained females which, though not in 
heat, are carried out to feduce them, feveral inftances 
have occurred, of wild elephants covering, immediately 
after being taken, in the keddah. 
“ On the 3d of April, 1795, a very fine male elephant 
covered a female twice, in the midft of the wild herd, 
and before all the hunters. On the 4th, I faw him at¬ 
tempting to cover a third time, when he was fuddenly 
dilturbed, by the noife the hunters made to drive away 
forne of the herd which had come too near the palifade. 
In confequence of this interruption, he threw down firft 
one and then another fmall elephant, and gored them ter¬ 
ribly with his tufks, though they came betw'een him and 
the female only for their protection : he had, before this, 
killed four, and wounded many others. When the poor 
animals were thrown down, confcious of their impending 
fate, they roared mod piteoully ; but, notwithstanding 
their proftrate fituation, and fubmiffive cries, he unfeel¬ 
ingly and deliberately drove his tufks through, and tranf- 
fixed them to the ground; yet none of the large ele¬ 
phants, not even the dams of the fufterers, came near to 
relieve them, or feemed to be fenfibly affeCted. This 
favage animal had been then confined four days in the 
enclofure, along with the herd, upon a very fcanty al¬ 
lowance of food, and could have but very little hope of 
efcaping; yet here his paflions were flronger than his 
fears. It was on account of this favage dilpofition, the 
hunters had alked permiflion to flioot him, before I had 
either feen him or the herd, and thence judged he was a 
goondah, that had lately joined. Having never before 
known any elephant killed wilfully, in the keddah, by 
the larger males, and having no idea that he would com¬ 
mit fuch terrible havock, I unluckily refuted to grant 
their requeft, being defirous to fave fo (lately an elephant. 
When the palifade was finiflicd, I got him tied, and led 
out ; but, not brooking reftraint, he languifhed about 
forty days, after he was fecured, and then died. From 
this inftance, as well as many concurring circumftances, 
1 am convinced that thefe goondahs generally leave the 
herd of ,their own accord, and join it when they think 
proper, or are induced to it from a female being in heat; 
yet it has been fuppofed, that they are driven from the 
herd, at an early period of life, by their feniors. This 
appears improbable, as it is not often that very large' 
males are taken with an herd of elephants ; for, depend¬ 
ing on their own ftrength, they ftray lingly, or in fmall 
parties, from the woods into the plains, and even to the 
villages; and it is in thefe excurfions they are taken, by 
means of the trained femaies. As thefe goondahs are 
much larger, and flronger, than the males generally taken 
with the herd, it is not probable they would fubmit to 
he driven from it, hnlefs at an early period. I have fel- 
dom feen, in a herd of elephants, a male fo large as may 
be commonly met with among two or three goondahs ; 
but, if thefe lad were driven from the herd when young, 
the very reverie would be obferved. 
“ In the courfe of this narrative, I have, in general, 
related only fuch particulars concerning the elephant as 
came within my own knowledge, and which were either 
not known, or not publifhed. To enter into a particular 
hiftory of the elephant was not my intention ; and, al¬ 
though the procreation of tame elephants has been proved, 
yet the expence incurred by breeding them, may deter 
others from making attempts of this kind. But it opens 
a field of curious enquiry to the naturaliftj and, now that 
the facility with which it may be done is afeertained, it 
fuggefts itfelf as a mode by which the breed of elephants 
may be improved, in fize, ftrength, and aftivity. In this 
way, any expence which might be incurred, vVould more 
than repay itfelf, in the future benefits to be derived from 
a fuperior breed of elephants.” 
From the kaomareah and merghee calls of Afiatic ele¬ 
phants above-deferibed, the funkarcah breed is produced, 
befides other varieties. But the nearer an elephant ap¬ 
proaches to the true koomareah, the more he is prefer¬ 
red, efpecially by the natives, and the higher price lie 
will confequently bear. Europeans are not fo particu¬ 
lar, and will fometimes prefer a merghee female for hunt¬ 
ing and riding on, when (lie is known to have good paces, 
and to be of a mild and tractable difpofition. 
“ The elephants for the fervice of the Eaft-India com¬ 
pany, (fays Mr. Corfe,) are generally taken in the pro¬ 
vinces of Chittigong and Tiperah ; but, from what I 
have heard, thofe to the foutbward of Chittigong, in the 
Burmah territories and kingdom of Pegu, are of a fupe- 
perior breed. In confirmation of this opinion, I may ob¬ 
serve, that the elephants taken to the fouth of the Goomty 
river, which divides the province of Tiperah from eaft 
to weft, are generally better than thofe taken to the north 
of that river ; and, though elephants are taken at Pilibet, 
as far north as latitude 29 deg. in the vizier of Oude’s 
territories, yet the vizier, andalfo the officers of his court, 
give thofe taken in Chittigong and Tiperah a decided 
preference, they being much larger and flronger than the 
Pilibet elephant. Till the year 1790, Tiperah was a part 
of the Chittigong province ; and, fo fenfible was the Ben¬ 
gal government of the fuperiority of the fouthern ele,- 
phants, for carrying burdens, enduring fatigue, and be¬ 
ing lefs liable to cafualties, that, in the late contracts 
for fupplying the army with thofe ufeful animals, the 
contraftor was bound not to fend any elephant to the 
military ftations, taken north of the Chittigong province. 
Hence we may conclude the torrid zone to be the natu¬ 
ral clime, and the mofl favourable for producing the 
largeft, the bed, and the hardieft, elephant; and that, 
when this animal migrates beyond the tropics, the fpe¬ 
cies degenerates. On the coafl of Malabar, elephants are 
taken as far north as the territories of the coorgah rajah ; 
but thefe are much inferior to the Ceylon elephant, and, 
from this circumflance, the report of the fuperiority of 
the Ceylon elephant to all others has probably originated. 
Mod of the accounts we have had refpefting the Afiatic 
elephant, have been given by gentlemen who reiided 
many years ago on the coafl of Malabar or Coromandel; 
where, at that time, they had but few opportunities of 
feeing the Chittigong or Pegu elephant. 
“ After premising thefe general obfervations, I may 
here obferve, with refpe£t to elephant’s tufks, that thofe 
in fome of the females are fo fmall as not to appear be¬ 
yond the lip, whilll in others they are almoft as large as 
in one variety of the koomareah male, named mooknah . 
The largeft tufks, from which the bed ivory is fupplied, 
are taken from that variety, of the male named dauntelah, 
or toothy , in confequence of his large tufks, and whole 
countenance, from this circumflance, is the raoli oppo- 
fite, in appearance, to that of the mooknah ; which, as 
juft obferved, is hardly to be diftinguifhed, by his head, 
from a female elephant. Though there is a material dif¬ 
ference in the appearance of a mooknah and a dauntelah, 
yet, if they are of the fame cad, (zat,) fize, and difpofi¬ 
tion, and perfedl, that is, free from any defeat or blemifti, 
there is fcarcely any difference in their price. An ele¬ 
phant is faid to be perfect, when his ears are large and 
rounded ; his eyes full and lucid, of a dark hazle colour, 
free from fpecks ; the roof of his mouth, and his tongue, 
free from black fpots of any confiderable fize ; his trunk 
large, and his tail long. His head muft be well fet on, 
and carried rather high. The arch or curve of his back 
rifing gradually from the (boulder to the middle, and 
thence defeending to the infertion of the tail; and all 
