ENG 
LAN D. 
of (lie if!and may be computed at five hundred and eighty, 
and th.e breadth, from the points above mentioned, at 
three hundred and feventy. 
England is interfecled by four very important rivers, 
the Severn, the Thames, the Humber, and the Met fey. 
The Severn rifes from the mountain Pienlimmon in North 
Wales, and after an eaderly courfe to Shrevvfbury, bends 
dts progrefs almoft fouth to Glouceder, whence it flows 
fouth-wefl into the Bridol Channel, a progrefs of about one 
hundred and fifty miles, navigable as far as Welch pool. 
Its chief tributary dreams are the northern and fouthern 
Avons, the Terne, and the Wye. 
The majedic Thames originates in Cotfvvold-hills, 
Gloucederfhire ; and maintains a fouth-eaderly direction, 
to its egrefs into the German Ocean, after receiving the 
Cherwel, the Teme, the Kennet.t," another Wye, the 
Mole, and Lee. The Medway flows into the eduary of 
the Thames, as the Wye into that of the Severn. The 
cottrfe is computed at 140 miles, navigable to Cricklade. 
This pre-eminent river may truly boad of wafting to and 
from tbe metropolis, the principal riches of the world. 
The Humberisa name al mod confined toa large eduary, 
which receives many confiderable livers that fertilize the 
central parts of England. Ofthefethe Trent is the mod 
important, which rifes at Nevv-pool, in Stad’orddiire, and 
proceeding North-ead, enters the Humber, after a dire 61 : 
eo.iirfe of about one hundred miles, being navigable to 
Burton in Stafford fh ire. The other principal rivers that 
iffue into the Humber, are the Dun, a navigable dream 
which runs by Doncader; the Aire navigable to Leeds, 
and the Calder navigable to Halifax, both Angularly ufe- 
ful in tranfporting the woollen manufaftures ; the Warf, 
navigable to Tadcader ; and the noble river Ure, or Oufe, 
which runs by York, and forms another grand branch of 
the Humber, navigable to Rippon : nor mud the Derwent 
be omitted, which is navigable to New Malton ; nor, 
though lad and lead, the Hull. The Humber may be regard¬ 
ed as the dem of a venerable oak, which fpreadsits chief 
branches in a horizontal direct ion, and accumulates moidure 
from every quarter, for the benefit of the parent dock. 
The Merfey prefents a grand eduary; yet its courfe is 
not of great extent. It rifes in the wed riding of York¬ 
fhire, and runs to the fouth-wed; but the eduary bends 
towards the north. The direct courfe is not above fifty 
miles; and is navigable to Stockport: as the Irvvell to 
near Mancheder, and the Weever to near Northwich, and 
its mines of rock-fait. Not only thefe rivers, but many 
more in different parts of the kingdom are likewife navi¬ 
gable : the Avon is navigable to Bath, the Perrot to 
Ilch.eder, the Tone to Taunton, the Taw to Barndaple, 
and another branch to Biddeford ; th.e Camil of Cornwall, 
to Wedbridge, while the Plym, Dart, and Ex, can alto 
be pervaded to a confiderable height. Another Avon is 
navigable to near Salifbufy, th.e Itchin to Wincheder, 
the Arun to Arundel, the Oufe to Lewes: the Rother, 
which forms the haven of Rye, is yet navigable, though 
fallen in fame. The Stour admits boats even to Canter¬ 
bury ; but the Medway prefents a navigable dream as 
far as Tunbridge. On the north of the Thames, the Lee 
is navigable to Bidiop’s Stortford and Hertford : the 
Crouch conveys boats from the fea to Hull-bridge in Ef- 
fex ; the Black-water to Chelmsford, and another branch 
to Colclieder. The Stour is navigable to Sudbury; the 
Orwell to Stow, the Deben to Woodbridge: the Yare 
and Waveney to Fouldiam and Bungay. Next is the 
eduary called the Wad), which receives the Oufe, the 
Nen, the Welland, the Witham, all dreams of confidera¬ 
ble navigation. On the north of the Humber, the Tees 
admits veflels to Stockton ; the Tyne to Newcadle. On 
the wed, the Eden is navigable to Carliffe; the Lon to 
Lancader and Hornby; the Dee to Cheder; the Conway 
to within two miles of Llanrwd ; the Tivey to Llanpiter. 
Milford Haven prefents branches navigable to Haverford- 
wed, and to near Widon: and ladly, the Wye may be 
purfued as far as Hay, in Brecknockfliire. 
Vol. VI. No. 370, 
520 
In general it may be obfervfed of the Britifh rivers, that 
the length of their courfe is inconfiderablc, when com¬ 
pared with that of the continental dreams. The length 
of,the Thames compared with that of the Danube, is only 
as one to feven, and with that of the Nile, as one to twelve. 
The Kian Keu of China, and the river of Amazons in 
fouth America, extend through a progrefs of more than 
fifteen times the length of .that of the Thames. The ri¬ 
vers of the fouthern and middle parts of England, prefent 
a driking centrad to thofe of the north ; the former pur- 
fuing a (low and inert courfe over mud, between level 
banks, amid rich and exlenfive meadows; while the lat¬ 
ter roll their clear torrents over beds of gravel, between 
elevated banks, and rocky precipices; and even when 
verdant levels occur, the dream dill retains its banks and 
beds of gravel. England has little to boad of extenfive 
lakes ; yet thofe of Conidon, Windermere, and Derwent, 
in Cumberland, have been judly celebrated by deferip- 
tive and poetical writers, as poffeding beauties ef a rural 
and romantic nature, rarely to be fur palled. 
Th.e mountains in this country, though not lofty, form 
a grand feature of geographical limit and boundary. They 
feldcm appear fingle, but are either difpofed in ridges, 
called chains, or in cluders. When they can be arranged 
under the fird form or denomination, asnhe Alps tor ex¬ 
ample, or the Pyrenees, they afford great clearnefs to 
geographical deferiptions. While Bennevis, the highed 
mountain in Scotland, is not much above one quarter of 
height of Mont Blanc, tbe fovereign of the Alps, the 
Englidi and Welfii fummits afpire to heights dill lels 
confiderable; Snowden being only 3568 Englidi feet 
above the fea, while Bennevis is 4387, or, by other ac¬ 
counts, 4350. But Wharn, in Yorkfhire, was edimated 
at 4050. The mountains of Cheviot may be faid to form 
a regular ridge, running from the foutH-weft, where they 
join thofe of Galloway to the north-ead. But there is 
a central ridge which pervades England from north to 
fouth, beginning at Geltfdale fored, fourteen miles fouth-. 
ead of Carlide, and pading on the wed of Durham and 
Yorkfhire, where it contains mines of coal and lead, is 
fplit into the appellations of fells and laws. Kelton-fell, 
Stanmore, Widehill-fell, Wildboar-fel), Bow-fell, Home- 
fell, Bunhill, &c. arife on the wedern limits of York- 
diire. Cumberland and Wedmoreland prefent many de¬ 
tached mountains, Skiddaw, See. which can hardly be 
reduced to any didinct arrangement ; but thofe of Cra¬ 
ven, in the Wed Riding of Yorkfhire, as Wharn, or, as 
commonly called by the country people, Wharnfide, In- 
gleborough, and Pennigant ; and Pendle on the ead of 
Lancader; belong to the Central Chain, which proceeds 
fouth, through Derbyfhire to the Peak, abounding with 
minerals and natural curiofities ; but here it feems to ter¬ 
minate, fpreading a little into Chefhire. Still, how ever, 
a central chain of fntaller elevation, may be traced, in a 
zig-zagline, to near Salitbury, with two diverging and 
irregular branches on the ead, one towards Norfolk, ano¬ 
ther into Kent, while a third runs fouth-wed into Corn¬ 
wall. To the fird belong the hills of Gogmagog, in 
Cambridgediire, &c. to the fecond, the northern hills of 
Hampfhire, Surrey, and Kent. Malvern hills, in Wor- 
cederfhire, deviate from the central ridge, while thofe 
of Cotfwold, in Gloucederdtire, may be regarded as a 
continuation of it. The hills of Mendip, Polden, Sedge- 
moor, Blackdown, in Somerfetfhire ; the Tores and Wilds 
of Dartmore, in Devon ; and the Hills and upland downs 
of Cornwall extend this chain to the Land’s End : and, 
after palling -this lad rocky province, it expires in the 
iflands of Scilly. The fouthern range, commonly called 
the South Downs, forms a long and remarkable line of 
continuity from wed to ead ; commencing with great ab- 
ruptnefs at Old Wincheder, oppofite Poriffiown, inHamp- 
diire, and thence continuing over the lofty brow of But- 
fur to Uppark, the telegraph heights of Marden, Rook’s 
hill above Goodwood-park, bending towards Lavington, 
and thence running with incomparable beauty of land 
6 T and 
