531 
ENGLAND. 
duftry and invention in England, which, at length, by 
the aid of hufbandry and horticulture, has laid all the 
vegetable riches of the globe at our feet. 
It is the peculiar felicity of England to beinfefled with 
very few animals, but what are, or may be made, fub- 
fervient to the ufes of man. Of the domeftic kinds, this 
country boalts peculiar pre-eminence, particulatly in 
horfes, beeves, venifon, and mutton, in confequence of 
the natural luxuriance of its paftures. That noble and 
ufeful animal, the horfe, is found in England of many 
mingled breeds, while mo ft other kingdoms produce only 
one kind. The high-bred horfes defcend from Arabian 
ftallions, originally barbs. The great ftrength and fize 
of the Englim draught-horfes, are derived from thofe of 
Germany, Flanders, and Holftein; arid other breeds have 
been fo intermingled, that native horfes may be found 
adapted to every purpofe of pomp, pleafure, and utility. 
Thofe of Yorklhire are celebrated for their great fpirit 
and beauty; thofe of Lincolnfhire and Leicelterftiire for 
their fuperior draught and ftrength. The fpeed of Child¬ 
ers was computed at a mile in a minute ; and fuch is the 
ftrength of a Yorkthire pack horfe, that he will ufually 
carry 420 pounds ; and a mill-horfe of Leicelterfliire will 
fupport a weight of 910 pounds. Mr. Pennant,obferves, 
that though the Britifli cavalry was remarkable, even in 
the time of Julius Ctefar, yet we know nothing of the 
primitive breed. 
The indigenous breed of horned cattle is now only 
known to exilt in Neidvvood.foretl, in StafFordfhire, and 
at Chillingham caftle in Northumberland. They are 
long-legged and wild like deer, of a pure white colour, 
with black muzzles, ears, .and tails, and a ftripe of the 
fame hue along the back. The Englifh breeds of black 
cattle are almoft as various as thofe of our horfes ; thofe 
of Wales and Cornwall are ufually fmall ; while the Lin- 
"colnlhire kind derive their great fize from thofe of Hol¬ 
ftein, fince bred and foftered in their immenfe fens. 
The number and value of flieep in England, may be 
appreciated from the ancient ttaple commodity of wool. 
Of this mod ufeful animal feveraL breeds appear, gene¬ 
rally denominated from their particular counties or dif- 
trifts; thofe of Herefoidihire, Sulfex, Devonfhire, and 
Cotfwold-downs, are noted for fine fleeces, while the 
Lincolnfhire and Warwickfhire kind, are remarkable fur 
the quantity. The Teefdale breed of the county of Dut- 
lium, though lately negiebted, ought not to lofe their 
fame. The wool is beautiful, but the length of their 
legs leffens thfeir value in the'eyes of the breeder. The 
mutton of Wales, on the contrary, is efieemed, while 
the wool is coarfe, yet employed in many ufeful and fa- 
lutary manufactures. 'The Sulfex breed" is remarkable 
for black' faces and fliort legs; but they are chiefly pre¬ 
ferred on account of their hardy nature, the cafe with 
which they pafs the winter on a fpare diet, the finenefs 
and value of their fleece, and the facility with which thev 
fatten on turnip : hence the South-down breed of fheep 
has of late years been in great reqiteft throughout Eng¬ 
land. Thofe of Leicefterlhire are very large, with abun¬ 
dance of wool, but coarfe; and without horns, like the 
Sulfex breed, with which they have of late been-pretty 
much crolfed. 
The goat, an original inhabitant of our rocks, has, 
even in Wales, begun to yield to the more ufeful breed 
of flieep ; that,country being, like Scotland, more adapt¬ 
ed to tlie woollen manufacture. The breeds of fwine are 
alfo various and ufeful: originally the boar was wild, and 
hunted in our forefts and woods. England alio abounds 
in valuable breeds of dogs, fotne of which were cele¬ 
brated even in the Roman times. In the reign of Eli¬ 
zabeth, Dr. Cains enumerates fixteen denominations of 
Englilh dogs. Some feem to be now extinCt; and the 
blood-hound only occurs in Staffordthire. The cat is one 
of the molt univerfal, and molt identic of animals, thofe 
of Angola excepted, with their white fleeces, and thofe 
of Rulfia with a bluilh fleece, and eyes of topaz. 
Of our favage animals, the molt fierce and deltruCtive 
is the wild cat, which is three or four times as large as 
the domeltic, with a' flat broad face, colour yellowifh 
white, mixed with deep grey, in Itfeaks running from a 
black lift on the back ; hips always black, tail alternate 
bars of black and white; only found in the moft moun¬ 
tainous and woody parts. The wolf has been long extinCt, 
but the fox abounds. It is fufficient to name the badger, 
the fitchet, the martin, the float or ermin, the otter, 
fquirrel, dormonfe, rat, and various kinds ot mice. 1 lie 
mole, urchin, and bat, feem to become more rare; the 
feal is chiefly found on the coaft of Wales. 
In the parks of the great, the roe is now extinCt, but 
fallow deer abound, of great beauty, and the red deer; 
the latter are known by the terms, (tag, hind, young, or 
calf; while the former are .ftyled. buck, doe; and fawn ; 
the red kind are more vicious.than^he other, and becom¬ 
ing more uncommmon. Venifon, in its wild ftate, has 
been long extinCt in England. 
The chief of our birds of prey, are the, golden eagle, 
fometimes found on Snowden ; the black eagle has ap¬ 
peared in DerbyiTiire ; the ofprey, or fe.i eagle, feents ex¬ 
tinCt in England. The peregrine falcon breedsin Wales; 
and many kinds of hawks in England, rite nightingale, 
one of the moft celebrated birds of long, is not found in 
North Wales, nor any where to the north, except about 
Doncafter, where it abounds ; nor does it travel lo tar 
weft as Devonshire and Cornwall. This limitation is re¬ 
markable, as thefe birds are found in the fevere climate 
of Sweden. Englilh poultry feem to originate from Afia ; 
the peacocks are from India ; 'the pheafants from Chol- 
chis ; the guinea-fowl from Africa. Our final left: bird is 
the golden-crefted wren, which fportson the high eft pine- 
trees; and our largeft the buftard, Come of which weigli 
twenty-five pounds, and are now fcantily found in the open 
countries of the Couth and eaft. But the tame buftard, 
which is the turkey, richly fupplies the defeCt ; the 
largeft are reared in Norfolk and Suffolk. Game abounds 
fo much in England, that the right of killing and eating 
it conftitutes the moft vexatious of our laws. 
The reptiles in England are very few, and rarely injurious; 
they are the coriaceous tortoife; frogs, toads, feveral kinds 
of lizards : of ferpents, the viper or adder alone is veno¬ 
mous ; other kinds are the ringed fnake, fometimes found 
four feet in length ; and the blind worm, feldom exceed¬ 
ing eleven inches. 
Of filh, the whale feldom appears near the Englilh 
coafts, nor the dolphin ; the porpoi/e and others of the 
fame genus are not uncommon. The balking flunk fome¬ 
times appears off the Ihores of Wales. Numerous at e our 
edible leu-fifh. Some of the moft celebrated are the tur¬ 
bot, doree, foal, cod, plaice, mullet, &c. The con- 
fumption of herrings and mackarel extends to moft parts 
of the kingdom ; but pilchards are confined to the Corn- 
i111 coafts. Our chief river filli are the fttlmon and the 
trout, which are brought from the northern parts in pro¬ 
digious numbers, generally packed in ice ; but fometimes 
the trout are brought alive, in veftels provided with a. 
well or baton for that purpofe. It is faid that not lefs 
30,000 falmon are brought from one river, the Tw'eed,. to 
London, in the courfe of a fealon. The lamprey, though 
a fea-filh, is chiefly found in tlie Severn ; it refembles the 
eel, but has a line of feven apertures near the head. The 
charr is chiefly found in the lakes of Westmoreland, the 
fides fp rink lea. with red fpots. The umber, or grayling, 
fo mew It at refembles the trout. Tlie famlet is the fmallelt 
of the trout kind, and has erroneoufly been luppofed the 
young of the falmon; in Scotland it is" called the par. 
Our carps are from Poland, and the inferior fort from 
Pruftia : the tench and perch are efteemed by fome as 
dainties of tlie table. The lobfter is found on moft of 
the rocky coafts, particularly off Scarborough, and the 
Ille of Wight, Portland, Purbeck, &c. Of (Hell-fifti, the 
pearl mya, a large kind of nniflel, .was found in the Con¬ 
way, in Wales, and the Irt, in Cumberland ; but it feems 
now 
