5S0 
ENG] 
faromagus, Cortomium, Canialodtiitfuri, and Colonia; now 
l.eiton, Burghftead, Cannonden, Malden, and Colchefter. 
The Iceni occupied the country bordering oh tliat of 
the Trinobantes, and comprehending the prefent coun¬ 
ties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, and -Huntingdon. 
Their chief towns, as mentioned by Ptolemy and Anto¬ 
ninus, were Villa Fauflini, Cambretonium, Sitontagus, 
Venta Icenorum, Garienis Oftium, Tciani, Brarinodkim, 
and Durobrivae ; now St. Edmund’s Bury, Brettenhmi, 
1 hetford, Yarmouth, Ichborough, Brancufter, and Dorn- 
ford : to which we may add Camboritum, on the banks 
of the Cam, which are at prefent adorned with the town 
and univerfity of Cambridge. 
TheCoritanii poffelfed an extenfive territory bordering 
on the Iceni, and comprehending the counties of North¬ 
ampton, Leiceffer, Rutland, Lincoln, Nottingham, and 
Derby. Their principal towns were Lindum, Lincoln; 
Tripontium, To-.vcefler ; Beneventa, Northampton; Ra- 
tae, Leicefter.; Verometum, Burrowhill ; and Agelocum, 
now Idleton. In this-country are (fill vifible the ruins 
of fome ancient fortifications and military fences, laid to 
have been erefted by Ofiorius, to prevent tire irruption 
of thole who inhabited Wales, and t he northern parts of 
Britain. 
The Cornavi were feated to tire weft of tlte Coritani, 
and feem to have poffeffed Warwickfltire, Worcefterfltire, 
Stafford lit ire, Shropfhire, and Chefhire. Their principal 
pdaces were, Praefidium, Warwick ; Branogenium, Wor- 
cefter ; Viroconiuin, out of whofe ruins rofe tlte prefent 
town of SJtrewlbury ; Pennocrucium, Penkridge ; Deva, 
Chefter; Condate, Congieton; and Ruiunium, Ronton. 
The Sil ures. inhabited that diflridt which is no r diflin- 
guiil ed by tlte' inline, of South. Wales, and cornprifes Rad- 
norfltire, Brecknockfhire, and G 1 am’organ (hire,' with the 
counties of Hereford and Monmouth. Tacitus is of opi¬ 
nion, that this people came originally from Spain, on 
account of their ruddy complexion, their curled hair, and 
their fituation over againft that country. In Hereford- 
ihire flood Bletium, now the Old Town on the Manor; 
Brecknock appears to have been inhabited in the Roman 
times. Some ruins of Venta Silurum, or tlte city Venta, 
are.ftilL to be feen in Monmouthfiiire. Phily caflle, in 
Glamorganfhire, is, in the opinion of Camden, the mod 
noble piece of ancient architefifure remaining in Britain. 
The Dimetre occupied the remaining part of South 
Wales, comprehending Caermarthenfliire, Pembrokefltire, 
and Cardigan (hi re. Ptolemy, however, mentions none 
of their towns, except Loventium, at the mouth of the 
Tuerobis, and Maridunum, now Caermarthen. 
The Ordovices are reprefent-ed as a powerful and war¬ 
like nation, who poffelfed the diftrift called North Wales, 
and comprehending Montgonieryfliire, Merionethlhire, 
Caernarvpnfhire, Denbiglvfhire, and Flintfhire, In this 
country are the veftiges of feveral forts raifed by the 
Romans to keep the natives in fubjeftion ; and oppofite 
. Caernr.rvonfliire lies tlte ifland of Mona, now Anglefea, 
the ancient feat of the Druids ; firft attempted by Pauli- 
nus Suetonius, and afterwards reduced by Agricola. 
Tiie Brigantes, a numerous and powerful people, are 
fair! to halve inhabited Yorkfhire, Durham, Lancafhire, 
Wc-flmoreland, and Cumberland, in the weft riding of 
Yorkfhire hood the city of Danurrt, nowcaRed Doncafler; 
near the confluence of the Calder and the Arc flood La- 
geolitim, now dwindled to the fmall village of Caflleford ; 
and 1 Curium Brjgantum is fnppofed to liave occupied the 
Cue of-the prefent village pf Aldborough, near Borough- 
bridge. .Eboracum, now-York, was both a Roman co¬ 
lony and a municip’um, and contained a palace, in which 
tiie emperors Septimius Severus and Confhtntius Chlorus 
died. In the eaft riding, about feven miles from York, 
flood Deweiftis, now tiie village Auldby ; and on tiie pro¬ 
montory OceUiHu, dr Holdernelfe, flood the city of Prae- 
torium, now Patrington. In Lancafhire were Mancu- 
nium, NJanchefler ; and Alone, Lancafter. In Wefl- 
r.iorelahd flood Veteras, now tire village Burgh, and 
LAN D. 
Aballaba, which retains its ancient name, being called, 
by contraction, Apelby. In Cumberland the Romans 
threw up fortifications-on fuch parts of the fea-coaft as 
were convenient for landing ; and various remains of an¬ 
tiquity arc hill, vifible in that county. 
The Ottadini were fituated in the traft of country now 
called Northumberland. Here are (till to be feen many 
veftiges of antiquity; but tiie only places taken notiie <- 
of by the ancients between Bremenium and Edinburgh 
Frith, are Tavi Oftium, the mouth of the Tweed ; and 
Caftra Alafa, which mod antiquaries fuppofe to be tiie 
fame witli Edinburgh. 
Thofe who refided beyond the two friths are compre- 
liended, by Dio Ca'flius, under the names of M^alse and 
Caledonii ; the former of whom poffelfed the foutli part 
of Britannia Barbara, and the latter the north. From 
the Caledonii, or Dicalidones, the north part of Britain 
was called Caledonia ; and ^tliey appear to have been a 
diftindt nation from the Attacotti and Scotti, under tiie 
reign of Vajentinian and Valens, for Ammiahus Marcel- 
limis, writing of that time, obferves, “ The Piets, under 
which denomination are comprehended the Dicalidones 
and the Vedturiones, the Attacotti like.wife, a warlike 
nation, and the Scotti, roaming about, committed great 
deviations.”—Thefe people aredeferibed by Gibbon as 
follows: “ The hand of nature had contributed to mark 
the ancient 'diftipfftion of tiie Scots and Pidls. The for¬ 
mer were the men of tiie hills, and the latter thofe of the 
plain. The eaflern coaft of Caledonia may be confidered 
as a level and fertile country, which, even in a rude Hate 
of tillage, was capable of producing a confujerable quan¬ 
tity of corn; and the epithet of cruitnich, or wheat-eaters, 
expreffed the contempt or envy of the Pidl, or carnivo¬ 
rous highlander. The cultivation of the earth might 
introduce a more accurate reparation of property, and the 
habits of a fedentary life ; but the love of arms and ra¬ 
pine was Hill the ruling pa IT] or) of the Pidts : and their 
warriors, who ftript themfelves for battle, were diftin- 
guidied, in the eyes of the Romans, by the ftrange fafliion 
of painting their naked bodies with gaud,y colours and 
fantaftic figures, whence their name. The weflern part 
of Caledonia irregularly rifes into wild and barren hills, 
which fcarcely repay the toil of the hufbandman, and are 
mod profitably tiled for the palture of cattle. The high¬ 
landers were condemned to the occupations of fhepherds 
and hunters; and as they feldoni were fixed to any per- 
tnanent habitation, they acquired the expreflive name of 
Scots, which, in the Celtic tongue, is faid to be equivalent 
to that of wanderers or vagrants 
Nothing completely fatisfadlory can be advanced re- 
fpedting the affairs of Britain before the time of Julius 
Caefar, who, having fubjugated all the warlike nations 
on the oppofite coafi, conceived tiie defign of bringing 
the Britons aifo tinder the dominion of Rome. In order 
to facilitate the execution of this projedt, he difpatchcd 
C. Volufenus with a fingle galley to view tlte ifland, to 
learn the cuftoms and manners of the inhabitants, and to 
get fome knowledge of their ports and havens; while the 
Roman troops were drawn up in the country of tiie Mo- 
rini, now Picardy, and a numerous fleet lay at anchor in 
readinefs for tlte deflined expedition. The Britons, re- 
ceiving intelligence of thefe preparations, thought proper 
to elude the impending danger by voluntary concefTion, 
and accordingly fent an efnbaffy to Caefar, offering to 
fubmit to the authority of Rome, and Jo deliver ho ft ages 
for their fidelity. Caefar received the ambafladors with 
apparent kindnefs, but would not abandon his fcheme of 
an invafipn, which the proximity of the ifland to the coaft 
of Gaul feemed flrongly to invite ; and which the doubt¬ 
ful intelligence of a pearl fifliery feemed alio to attradt; 
but Caefar concealed that ignoble motive, though it is 
acknowledged by .Suetonius. 
At that time, according to Caefar and other hiftorians, 
the Britons were very numerous, and had their country 
well flocked with cattle. Their houles refembled thofe 
of 
