ENGl 
Iioftility. Nor was it without oppofitioii that he tints 
made his way into a country rude and impervious by na¬ 
ture. He was oppofed by Galgacus, the celebrated Ca¬ 
ledonian chief, at the head of a numerous army, whom 
he defeated in a decilive adtion, and in which confiderable 
numbers were (lain. Being thus fuccefsful, he did rj.ot 
think proper to purftte the enemy into their retreats ; but, 
embarking a body of troops on-board his fleet, he ordered 
the commander to navigate the whole coaft ol Britain, 
which they had not difcovered to be an ifland till the 
preceding year. This armament, purfuant to his orders, 
fleered to the northward, and there fubdued the Orkneys; 
then making the tour of the whole ifland, it arrived in 
the po'rt of Sandwich, without having met with the lead 
difafter. 
During thefe military enterprifes, Agricola was ever 
attentive to the arts of peace. He attempted to humanife 
the fiercenefs of-thofe who acknowledged his power, by 
introducing the Roman laws, habitsj and cuftoms. He 
taught them to defire and to raife all the conveniences of 
life, inftrudted them in the art's of agriculture ; and, in 
order to protedt them in their peaceable pofleflions, he 
drew a rampart, and fixed d train of garrifons between 
them and their northern neighbours, cutting oft'the ru¬ 
der and more barren parts of the ifland, and (ecuring the 
Roman province from the invafion of a fierce and necefii- 
tons enemy. Thus, in exchange for liberty and inde¬ 
pendence, the Britons gained urbanity and civilization— 
they acquired the manners and language, the arts and 
fciences, of the Romans; and, fecured by the fortifica¬ 
tion which Agricolq had eredted, they lived a long time 
in undifturbed quiet, without once thinking of the liberty 
they had loft. From that time, A. D. 78, the Romans 
feemed more defirous of fecuring what they already po(- 
fefled in Britain, than of making new conquefts ; and were 
employed rather in reprefling, than in punilhing, their 
reftlefs northern invaders. 
Nothing remarkable has been recorded concerning 
the affairs of Britain from this period till the reign of 
Adrian, A. D. 120, when Prifcus Licinius was fent over 
to quell the inroads of the Caledonians ; and the emperor 
himfelf, arriving (hortly afterward, excited fuch terror 
in the breads of thofe marauders, that they haftily eva¬ 
cuated all the places they had feized, and retired toward 
the more northern part of the ifland. Adrian, deeming 
it advifable to terminate the war, relinquiflied all tire 
tradf of country lying between the Tyne and the two 
friths, but caufed a wall to be built, extending from the 
Eden in Cumberland to the Tyne in Northumberland, a 
diftance of eighty miles, in order to reftrain the Caledo¬ 
nians from making any irruption into South Britain iit 
future. Having thus fettled the affairs of the ifland, and 
redrafted feveral grievances, Adrian returned to Rome, 
where he was faluted with the title of “ Reftorer of Bri¬ 
tain.” 
During the reign of Antoninus Pius, the Brigantes en¬ 
deavoured to fhake off the yoke; and the Caledonians, 
having demolifhed a confiderable part of Adrian’s ram¬ 
part, began to make frefh incurfions into the fouthern 
territories. However, Lollius Utbicus chaftifed the re¬ 
volted Brigantes; compelled the northern barbarians to 
retire into their own country ; and confined them within 
narrower bounds than before, by a new wall, extending 
from the Forth to the Clyde. This wall was palled by 
the Caledonians in the time of Commodus, and forne 
dreadful deviations were then again committed ; but, 
on the arrival of Ulpius Marcellus, the marauders were 
defeated, and chafed into their own territories with pro¬ 
digious (laughter. 
The emperor Severus, A. D. 207, divided Britain into 
two governments, and beftowed the fouthern part of the 
ifland upon Heraclius, and the northern on Virius Lupus. 
However, the fouthern territories were (till fo dreadfully 
ravaged by the Caledonians, that Severus deemed it ad- 
vifeable to repair thither in perfon. Accordingly he let 
Vol. VI. No. 371. 
, A N D. 54 1 
out, with his two fons, Caracalla and Geta, at the head 
of a numerous army, and landing on the ifland, marched 
with all pollible expedition into the northern countries, 
which lie ravaged with fuels fuccefs, that the Caledo¬ 
nians were compelled to purchafe a peace by relinquifh- 
ing part of their territdries, and delivering up their arms. 
The victorious emperor then commanded a new wall to 
be built for a further defence, and retired to York, where 
he fell Tick and died, .A. D. 211. His two fons Geta and 
Caracalla furceeding to the empire, they immediately re¬ 
paired to Rome ; and from this time to the reign of Dio¬ 
cletian, A. D. 2S4, there is a ebafrri in the Britilh hiftory. 
In the commencement of Diocletian’s reign, Britain 
■was dreadfully infefted by pirates. To repel their incur¬ 
fions, it was found neceffary to create a naval power; and. 
the judicious meafure was p'rofecuted with prudence and 
vigour.' Gefforiacum, or Boulogne, in the ftraiglits of 
the’ Britifh channel, was chofen by the emperor for the 
ftation of the Roman fleet; and the command of it was 
entrufled to Caraufurs, a Menapean of the fneaneft origin, 
but who had long (ignalized his (kill as a pilot, and his 
valour as a foldier. The integrity of the new admiral 
correfponded not with his abilities. When the German 
pirates failed from their, own harbours, he connived at 
their pailage, but he diligently intercepted their return, 
and appropriated to his own ufe an ample (hare of the 
fpoil which they had acquired. The wealth of Carau- 
(111s was, on this occafion, very juftly confidered as an 
evidence of his guilt; and orders had been-already given 
for his death. But the crafty Menapian forelaw and.pre¬ 
vented the feverity of the emperor. By his liberality he 
had attached to his fortunes the fleet which he command¬ 
ed, and fecured the barbarians in his intereft. From the 
port of Boulogne he failed to Britain, A. D. 287, per- 
fuaded the legion, and the auxiliaries which guarded the 
ifland, to embrace his party,, and boldly affuming the fo. 
vereignty of Britain, under the title of Auguftus, he de¬ 
fied the juftice and the arms of the legal emperor. While 
Britain was thus difmembered from Rome, its import¬ 
ance was fenfibly felt, and its lofs fincerely lamented. 
The Romans celebrated, and then perhaps magnified, 
the extent of fo noble an ifland, provided on every fide 
with .convenient harbours; the temperature, of the cli¬ 
mate, and the fertility of the foil, alike adapted for the 
production of corn t^nd of cattle; the valuable minerals 
with which it abounded; its rich pafttires covered with 
innumerable flocks, and its woods free from wild beads 
or venomous ferpents. Above all, they regretted the 
large amount of the revenue of Britain, whilft they con- 
feffed, that fuch a province well deferved to become the 
feat of an independent monarchy. During the fpace of 
(even years, it was thus polfeffed by Caraufius ; and for¬ 
tune continued propitious to a rebellion, fupported with 
courage and ability. The new Britifh emperor defended 
the frontiers of his dominions againft the Caledonians of 
the north, invited from the continent a great number of 
(kilful artifts, and difplayed, on a variety of coins that 
are ftill extant, his tafte and opulence. Born on the con¬ 
fines of the Franks, he courted the friendlhip of that for¬ 
midable people, by the flattering imitation of their drefs 
and manners. The braveft of their youth he enlifted 
among his land or fea forces ; and in return for their ufe- 
ful alljance, he communicated to the barbarians a greater 
knowledge of military and naval arts. Caraufius ftill 
preferved the poffeflion of Boulogne and the adjacent 
country. His fleets rode triumphant in the channel, 
commanded the mouths of the Seine and of the Rhine, 
ravaged the qoafts of the ocean, and diffufed beyond the 
columns of Hercules the terror of his name. Under his 
command, Britain, deftined in a future age to obtain the 
empire of the fea, already alfumed its natural and refpec- 
table ftation of a maritime power. 
By- feizing the fleet of Boulogne, Caraufius had de¬ 
prived the Romans of the means of purfuit and revenge. 
And when, after a vaft expence of time and labour, a 
6 Y nevr 
