5 76 
E N G L A N D. 
wus worth remembering. Though fuperior to his con¬ 
temporaries in fh'cngth, riches, true courage, and mili¬ 
tary (kill, he never engaged in war without reluctance, 
and was fo av'etTe to blood died’, that he cx-preffed an un¬ 
common grief at the lofs of every private foldier. Yet 
- he was not entirely exempt from human frailties ; Iris 
pa-ffions, naturally violent, often hurried him to excefs ; 
he was prone to anger, tranfpovted with the juft of power, 
and particularly accufed of incontinence, not only in the 
affair of Ro/amond, but alfo in a fuppofed commerce vvitir 
the French princefs Adelais, who was bred in England as 
the Inture wife of liis fon Richard. This infamous breach 
of honour and hofpifality, if he was actually guilty, is 
the fouled (fain upon his character ; though the faCt is 
doubtful, and we hope the charge untrue. 
Henry left two legitimate (biis, Richard who fucceeded 
him, and John, who inherited no territory, and therefore 
received the furname of Lackland. He left three legiti¬ 
mate daughters, Maud, who'was married to the duke of 
Saxony.; Eleanor, married to Alphonfo king of Caliile; 
and Joan, to William king of Sicily. He left two natu¬ 
ral fons by Rofaniond ; Richard Longfword, who was af¬ 
terwards married to the daughter and heirefs of the earl 
of Salifbury ; and Geoffrey, who was afterwards archbi- 
fhop of York. 
Richard, furnamed Cxur dc Lion, now afeended the 
throne of his father, and Teemed refblved to difeourage 
future difobedience, by difmiffing from his fervice ail 
thofe who had encouraged his former undutiful beha¬ 
viour. He retained in his fervice all the loyal adherent's 
of the late king; and move than once observed, that thofe 
who were faithful to one fovereign would probably eon-- 
tinue-fo- to another. He eagerly releafed his mother from 
confinement, and was profufc in heaping- favours upon 
his brother John, who made but a very indifferent return 
for his indulgence'. 
Richard, agreeable to the knight-errantry of the times, 
had-conffantly formed a romantic defire for heroic adven¬ 
tures; and an immod'erate zeal for the external rites of 
Cirri ftianiry was become the ruling paffion of Richard 
and his adbeiates. The Jews, who had been for fome 
time increafing in the kingdom, were the fir ft who fell a 
facrificc to this enthufiaftic zeal ; and great numbers of 
them were flahghtered by the citizens of London, upon 
the very day of the king’s coronation-. Five hundred of 
that perfecuted people had retired into York caftle for 
fafety ; Tut finding themfel ves unable to defend the place, 
they reiblved to peri fit by killing - one another, rather than 
meet the fury of their purifiers.- Having taken this dread¬ 
ful refolution, they firft murdered their wives and chil¬ 
dren ; threw the dead bodies over the wall againft their 
enemies, who attempted to fcale it; and then, letting fire 
to the houfes, peri filed voluntarily in the flames. 
After this fhockiiig fpecimen of the mild influence of 
Chriftianity upon the royal mind, Richard determined 
upon an expedition to the Holy Land, and took every 
method to raife fupplies for fo expenlive an undertaking. 
His father had left him in pofl’efiion of above a hundred 
thoufand marks; "and this fum he endeavoured to aug¬ 
ment by all expedients, however pernicious to the pub¬ 
lic, or fubverfive of royal authority. He put up to fale 
the revenues and manors of the crown, and feveral offices 
of the greateft truft and power. Liberties, charters, - 
cadles, and employments, were given to the bed bidders. 
When his friends- intimated the danger of this venality, 
lie told them he would fell London itfelf, if he could 
find ct purchafcr. In thefe times we find but one man 
who was honed enough to retire from employment when 
places were become thus ignominious. This was the 
great- la wyer Ghtnville, who refigned his pod of judiciary, 
and took the crofs. Richard was not much difpleafed 
ar his re li gnat ion, as he was able (liortly after to fell his 
employment to Hugh bifhop of Durham, who gave a 
thoufand marks for the office. Thus the king, elated 
with the hopes of fame, was blind to every other confids- 
ration. Numerous exactions were praelifed upon people 
of all ranks and Rations; menaces, promifes, expodula- 
tions, were ufed to frighten the timid, or allure, the ava¬ 
ricious. At length, Richard having got together a fuffi- 
cient fupply for his adventure, and having even fold his 
royal prerogative over Scotland, he let out for the Holy 
Land, whither he was impelled by repeated meflages from 
Philip Auguftus king of France, who waited to"embark 
with him in the fame enterprife. 
The place of rendezvous for the armies of England and 
France, was the plain of Vezelay, on the borders of Bur¬ 
gundy; where, when Richard and Philip arrived, they 
found at rheir command a chofen body of a hundred 
thoufand fighting men. This formidable army, not long 
after, put to fea ; and were obliged, by drefs of weatheiq 
to take fhelter in Medina, tlie capital of Sicily, where they 
were detained during tlie whole winter. Richard took up 
his quarters in the fubarbs, and pofleded himfelf of a 
final! fort, which commanded the harbour. Philip quar¬ 
tered his troops in the city, and lived upon the bed term's 
with the Sicilian king. But it happened that the Mefii- 
nefe foon took occafion to treat the Englifh with great in- 
folence ; (hut their gates, manned their walls, and fet the 
king of England at defiance. Richard endeavoured to ufe 
the mediation of Philip to compromife this infillt; but 
while the two monarchs were in deliberation, a body of 
Sicilians i (Fned from the town, and attacked the Englifh 
with great invpetuofity. This was fufficient to excite the 
fury of Richard, who- attacked the city with fuch fury, 
that it was foon taken, and the ftandard of England dis¬ 
played on tlie ramparts. Philip, who confidered the place 
as his quarters, exclaimed againft this mark of fuperiority, 
and ordered fome of his troops to pull down the Englifh 
colours. To this, however, Richard returned foranfwer, 
that he himfelf would take down the ftandard, fince it dif¬ 
pleafed his affociate ; but that no power on earth fhould 
compel him to do fo. This produced a mutual jealoufv- 
between tlie two monarchs, which never after fubfided". 
At length, however, having fettled all controverfies, they 
fet fail for the Holy Land, where the French arrived 
much fooner than the Englilh. Richard’s fleet encoun¬ 
tered a violent temped, and two of his fliips were driven 
upon the ifland or Cyprus. Ifaac, prince of that coun¬ 
try, either impelled by avarice, or willing to difeourage 
the red of Richard’s fleet from landing, pillaged the (hips 
that were ftranded, and threw the feamen and foldiers in¬ 
to prifun. But Richard, who foon after arrived, took 
ample revenge for the injury. He difembarked his troops, 
defeated the petty tyrant, entered the capital by dorm, 
obliged Ifaac to furrender at diferetion, and took the 
whole ifland into his pofieffion. It was there that Richard 
married Berengaria, daughter to the king of Navarre, who 
had attended him in his expedition ; and whom he had 
preferred to Adelais, the king of France’s (ider, whefe 
charms were not fo powerful, or whofe fidelity was more 
fufpecied. Upon tlie arrival of the Chriftian armies in 
Paleltine, fortune was feen to declare in a mod extraordi¬ 
nary manner in favour of the Englifh king. But for the 
exploits of Richard, and the event of this erufade, fee the 
article Egypt, p. 323, &c. of this volume. 
Richard-, having concluded his expedition to the Holy 
Land with mere glory than advantage, began to think ot^. 
carrying his laurels home ; but was at a total lofs how to 
effedl his purpofe. Taking (hipping for Italy, he was 
wrecked, near Aqtiileia. From thence directing his tra¬ 
vels towards Ragufa, and putting on the di (guile of a pil¬ 
grim, he refolved to make his way, in that humble man¬ 
ner, through Germany. But, unfortunately, his inten¬ 
tions and pei fon were not fo concealed, but that Iris quality 
was fiifpedted ; and the governor of Idria purfued him, 
in order to make him a prifoner. Being thus forced from 
tire direct road, he was obliged to pafs by Vienna, where 
Iris expences and liberalities betraying-his dignity, he w-as 
recognifed by tlie infatiable Leopold duke of Auftria, 
who commanded him to be i-mprifoired and- loaded with 
Brack les, 
