C48 
ENGLAND. 
Scotland was with difficulty avoided, by tbe firmnefs of 
the lords Shrewlbury and Wharton ; who, with a fmall 
iorce, ill-paid, kept the borderers in peace with each 
other. But the extreme difcontent of the people occa- 
lioned more than one rifing in various parts of England. 
One of thefe at Dis, in Norfolk, though trifling in itfeif, 
and headed only by a poor fchoolmafter, named Cleber, 
furnifhed a fufficient pretence for feveral perfons to fuffer 
the death of traitors at Bury, in Suffolk. 
It was not until 1557, that Phil ip" of Spain deigned to 
vifit liis negledled confort; blit, more actuated by interefi 
than love, he made her immediate declaration of war 
againft France the price of all future endearments. Mary 
could hardly have brought this about, fince the mar¬ 
riage articles, drawn by the cautious Gardiner, exprefsly 
guarded the nation againft this contingency, had not an 
infurredtion in the north, under Stafford, given her a 
pretence to accufe the French councils of difturbing the 
peace of her realm. This ill-advifed revolter, with a few 
French adventurers, who forfook him at the firft onfet, 
pompoyfly propoled himfelf as protestor of England 
againft the Spaniards. He was feized in Scarborough by 
lord Weftmoreland, brought to London, and with three 
accomplices executed. 
To raife money from a turbulent people, to fupport 
the meafures of a weak queen and a timid miniftry, was 
no eafy talk ; and various and humiliating were the expe¬ 
dients to which recourfe w-as had by Mary. One time (he 
forced fixty gentlemen to lend her one thoufand pounds 
a-piece : but thefe impofttions fell chiefly on proteftant 
families ; the Roman catholics prefumed much on their 
favour at court, and were moftly fkreened from thefe op- 
preflions; but fometimes they prefumed too far, as in 
the cafe of lord Stourton, a Roman baron-of Wilts, who, 
on this principle, had bitterly opprelled his neighbour, 
a gentleman, named Hartgill, to whom he owed an old 
grudge. At length, in 1557, trufting to his intereft with 
the council of Mary, he nearly murdered the younger 
Hartgill, who was on a vifit at his houfe. Being fined 
and imprifoned for this attempt, he got leave to return 
to Wilts, that he might pay the fine to the Hartgills. He 
then decoyed the whole family into Kilmington church¬ 
yard, where he made his fervants bind the father and fon, 
and carry them by force to his houfe at Stourhead, after 
having wounded the wife of the younger Hartgill, who 
implored for her hufband on her knees. When he had 
them in his houfe, he caufed them to be beaten with 
clubs, and then held the candle while his fervants cut 
their throats. No intereft of power or religion could pro¬ 
tect lord Stourton after this execrable aft. He was tried, 
found guilty, and hanged in the market-place of Salif- 
bury, as were his four fervants at Stourhead. 
With fums thus acquired by extortions little fliort of 
Jobberies, and by feizing the corn and grain for the life 
of her army, without any kind of remuneration to the 
owners, Mary was enabled to maintain a body of eight 
thoufand men, whom fhe fent under lord Pembroke, to 
join the army of her hufband Philip in Flanders, where 
they arrived in time to fliare in the honour of the battle 
of St. Quintin. Meanwhile, Mary fought the battles of 
bigotry at home ; and, forming an ecclefiaftical council of 
twenty-one, which had as near a refemblance to thein- 
quifition as fne dared to give it, fhe placed fpies on the 
country juftices, fummoned them to appear in London, 
and haraffed them into meafures which afforded new fuel 
for the Smithfield fires. 
A fevere difgrace now impended over England. Calais, 
which had now been appended to the Britifh dominions 
two hundred years, and had been eleven months in fub- 
d.iing, was loft in almoft as many days. Archbifliop 
Heathe was chancellor and minifter ; and his royal miftrefs 
and himfelf thought more of burning heretics, than of 
fecuring the poffeflions of the crown. Calais, therefore, 
and its dependencies, deftitute of men, money, and (lores, 
fell eafily to a lpirited attack, commanded by the great 
duke of Guife, and feconded by the brother of the equally 
great admiral Coligny. This fortrefs, of much more con- 
fequence to the honour than to the profit of the Englifh 
nation, had been long menaced; and Philip of Spain had 
given notice of its danger to his improvident \vife. She, 
however, took no attention to the prefervation of fo in- 
terefting a poft, but permitted a large part of the garri- 
fon, as had been ufual, from motives of an ill-judged 
parfimony, to quit the duty during the winter months. 
Lord Gray, the governor, a man of honour, in vain pre- 
faged the fatal confequence of this neglect. Mary’s eccle¬ 
fiaftical minifters mocked his fears, and faid that, during 
winter, their white (laves would be garrifon enough to 
defend the place. But Mary, unfeeling as (he was, felt 
this difgrace, and faid, “ that when (lie (hould die, Calais 
would be found engraven on her heart.” The French 
turned all the inhabitants out of the place after plunder¬ 
ing them. A number of Scots, who ferved on the fide 
of France, behaved with great kindnefs to the diftretfed 
Englifh, even in the midft of the exultations of the French, 
which were unreftrained and unbounded. The caftle of 
Guifnes refilled longer than Calais, but foon fell, and 
that of Harames was abandoned. Thus melted away the 
fad hold which England long vaunted that fhe kept over 
France. A parliament was now affembled ; and, though 
in a very ill humour, it granted to Mary 5 . fupply, which 
enabled her to fend a fleet under lord Clinton, which ra¬ 
vaged part of the French coaft ; but with little advantage 
or honour. Ten Englifh (hips of war were more fortu¬ 
nate. Hearing the noife of a battle while cruizing off 
Gravelines, they failed up an arm of the lea, and by can¬ 
nonading one wing of the French army, they enabled the 
Spaniards to give their foes a fignal overthrow. 
And now, after a feries of political errors and cruel 
perfecutions, the termination of Mary’s inglorious reign 
drew on apace. Every refiedtion had for a long time 
weighed heavy on her heart, and now tormented her. 
The confcioufnefs of being hated by her fubjects, the 
profpeft of her filler Elizabeth’s fucceflion, whom the 
hqted, and, above all, her anxiety for the lofs of her 
hufband, who had taken a final farewel, all thefe pain¬ 
ful fenfations preyed upon her mind, and heightened a 
lingering fever, of which fhe died, on the 17th of No¬ 
vember, 1558, after a difgraceful reign of five years, 
four months, and eleven days, in the forty-third year of 
her age. Her relation cardinal Pole, the primate, fur- 
vived her only fixteen hours. She was buried in the 
chapel of her grandfather Henry VII. under the ritual of 
the church of Romp. 
To delineate the character of this inglorious queen, is 
nearly as unpleafant a talk as to write the memoirs of her 
reign. Her perfon was mean, as her mind was narrow ; 
from her mother fhe inherited pride ; from her father, 
obftinacy and cruelty ; but neither of her parents contri¬ 
buted to her any (hare of their abilities. Yet, fays Black- 
done, “ many falutary and popular laws, in civil matters, 
were made under her adminiftratioii; perhaps the better 
to reconcile the people to the bloody meafures which e 
was induced to purfue, for the re-eftabliffiment of reli¬ 
gious llavery.” The mildnefs and humanity of her bro¬ 
ther Edward VI. mud have been ftrongly contrafted in 
the minds of the people, as well as in the impartial opi¬ 
nion of pofterity, with the horrible and unmitigated cru¬ 
elty of Mary’s government. That fuch favage and fan- 
guinary adts (hould have been endured in a country which 
had advanced any (leps towards civilization, is aftonifh- 
ing! but it nearly exceeds the bounds of belief, that 
thefe aids (hould have been pradtifed under the pretence 
of promoting the caufe of a religion, of which the diftin- 
guifhing charadteriftics are peace, forbearance, and good-, 
will towards men. From the contemplation of fuch enor¬ 
mities, we turn away with horror and difguft, to the 
milder influence of a more benignant reign. Yet, in 
juftice to Mary, it mud be acknowledged that the exe¬ 
crable example was afforded her by the proteftants, in 
