080 
ENGLAND. 
of firmnefs and vigour to prevent him from yielding to 
the pertinacity of faction, or the clamours of the multi¬ 
tude. He was alfo deficient in that infinuating addrefs 
and conciliating deportment which might have'been ufe- 
fully employed in foothing the rage of party, and in al¬ 
laying the ardour of popular zeal. 
King Charles had by his queen Henrietta fix children *. 
Charles, born the 29th of May, 1630, who fucceeded him 
on the throne; James, born Oft. 13, 1633, who fucceeded 
his brother; Henry duke of Gloucefter, who died in 1660; 
Mary, married to William II. prince of Orange, died in 
1660; (her fon became William III. king of England); 
Elizabeth died, in 1650; and Henrietta, married to Phi¬ 
lip duke of Orleans, died in 1670. 
That interregnum, in the Englifh hiftory called the 
Commonwealth, now followed, A. D. 1649.—Crom¬ 
well, who had fecretly folicited and undoubtedly con¬ 
trived the king’s death., began to feel fenfations to which 
he had been hitherto a (Iranger. His profpefts widening 
as he rofe, his lirft principles of liberty were loft in the 
unbounded expanfe of power that lay before him. When 
the peers met on the day appointed in their adjournment, 
they entered cautioufly upon bulinefs, and lent down 
home votes to the commons, but of which they deigned 
not to take the fmalleft notice. In a few days after, the 
commons, determined to be ftipreme, voted that the houfe 
of lords was ufelefs and dangerous, and therefore was, 
from that time, aboliftied. They voted it high treafon 
to acknowledge Charles Stewart, fon of the late king, as 
fucceffor to the throne. A great feal was made, on one 
fide of which were engraven the arms of England and Ire¬ 
land, with this infeription : “The great feal of England.” 
O11 the reverfe was reprefented the houfe of commons 
fitting, with this motto 1 “ On the fir ft year of freedom, 
by God’s blefting reftored, 1648.” The forms of all 
public documents were changed from the king’s name to 
that of the keepers of the liberties of England. The next 
day they alfo proceeded to try thofe gallant men, whofe 
attachment to their fovereign had been unlhaken. The 
duke of Hamilton and lord Capel were condemned and 
executed ; the earl of Holland loft his life by a like fen- 
ter.ee ; the earl of Norwich and fir John Owen were con¬ 
demned, but afterwards pardoned by the commons. 
The Scots, who in the beginning.had fhewn themfelves 
fo inimical to the royal family, now determined to ac¬ 
knowledge prince Charles for their king. But at the 
fame time that they refolved upon railing him to the 
throne, they abridged his power, and propofed a teft, 
which his father had refufed. Charles, however, finding 
no profpeft of afliftance from any other quarter, was glad 
to accept of thefe conditions. It is remarkable, that 
while the Scots were thus inviting the young king over, 
they were cruelly punifhing thofe who had adhered to his 
father. Among others, the earl of Montrofc, one of the 
braveft, and mod benevolent characters of that age, was 
tried as an adherent to the royal caufe, and hanged on a 
gibbet thirty feet high, then quartered, and expofed in 
the principal towns. Yet prince Charles ventured into 
Scotland, and had the mortification to enter the gate of 
Edinburgh, while the limbs of that faithful adherent to 
his family hung over his head. Being now entirely at 
the mercy of thefe auftere zealots, he loon found out that 
he had exchanged exile for imprifonment. He was fur- 
rounded and inceirantly importuned by the fanatical 
clergy, who having brought loyalty under their feet, 
were refolved to make it Hill fubfervient to their future 
profpefts. Charles for a while pretended to be highly 
edified by their inftruftions ; but anxioully watched an 
opportunity of making his elcape. 
In the mean time Cromwell, who had got himfelf ap¬ 
pointed to the chief command in Ireland, prolecuted the 
war with his ufttal fttccefs. He had to combat the roy- 
alifts, commanded by the duke of Ormond, and the na¬ 
tive Irilh, led on by O’Neal. Oil his arrival at Dublin, 
he haftened to Drogheda, where Ormond had planted a 
ftrong garrifon ; but inftead of forming a languid liege, 
and knowing the importance of difpatch, he aliaulted and 
took the town fvvord in hand, and made a cruel (laughter 
of the garrifon. Cromwell, by this feverity, pretended 
to retaliate the inhumanity of the Irifti tnalTacre ; and 
certainly his barbarous policy had the defired etfeft. 
Every town before which he prefented himfelf, now 
opened its gates; and the Engliih had nothing to fear, 
except from fatigue, and the advanced feafon. Fluxes 
and contagious difovders carried oft’numbers of them; and 
had not theEnglilh garrifonsof Cork, Kinfale, and other 
important places, deferted to him, lie would have found 
it difficult to maintain his ground. The fuccefs of Crom¬ 
well, however, put an end to Ormond’s authority: he 
left the ifland, and delegated his power to earl Clanri- 
carde, who found affairs too defperate to admit of anv 
remedy. Above forty thoufand Irilh palfed into foreign 
fervice, and left the Englifh general at liberty to com¬ 
plete his conqueft. 
Meanwhile Charles, being informed that the Scottilh 
parliament had, A. D. 1650, refolved to proclaim him 
king, was prevailed on, though reluctantly, to fubmit to 
the hard conditions on which he was to receive the crown. 
He footi found himfelf conlidered as a pageant of ftate.; 
and as his facility in yielding to their demands gave fume 
doubts of his fincerity, it was propofed that he lliould 
pafs through a public humiliation, inftead of beingcrowned 
as he expefted. From this difgrace, Charles was now 
faved by the advance of the Engliih army under Crom¬ 
well, who having left Ireton in Ireland, had been in- 
vefted with the principal command in Scotland, which 
Fairfax had declined from motives of religious feeling. 
The Scots, in the mean time, had given the command 
of their army to general Leflie, who had formed a proper 
plan for its defence. This prudent commander knew, 
that though fuperior in numbers, his army was much in¬ 
ferior in difeipline to the Englifh ; and he therefore kept 
clofe within his entrenchments. After fome ufelefs move¬ 
ments, Cromwell began to fee the deep general (hip of 
Leflie ; and while he had chofen a difadvantageous polt 
near Dunbar, his antagonift was waiting deliberately to 
take advantage of his lituation. But the zeal and fana- 
ticifm of the Scottilh clergy, who conftantly atiended their 
army, urged Lellie to march from his entrenchments to 
give the Engliih battle, when the intrepid Cromwell ob¬ 
tained a decilive viftory. Prince Charles now put him¬ 
felf at the head of the remnant of the Scottilh army, 
which he (Lengthened by the royalifts, who had deter¬ 
mined to fupport his caufe. Cromwell, however, ftill 
followed his blow, pufhed the royalifts towards Perth, 
and, cutting off' the provifion of the Scottilh army, made 
it itnpolfible for Charles to maintain his ground in that 
country any longer. 
In this exigency Charles embraced a refolution worthy 
a prince who was willing to hazard all on the point of the 
fword. Obferving that the way was open to England, he re¬ 
folved immediately to march into that country, where lie 
expefted to be reinforced by all the royalifts on that lide of 
the kingdom. His generals were perfuaded to enter into 
the fame views; and with one confent the Scottilh army, 
to the number of fourteen thoufand men, entered the 
frontiers, and made their way to the city of Worcefter. 
Here Cromwell overtook them with lialty ftrides, fup- 
ported by an army of forty thoufand men. He alfailed 
the town in every direftion, the ftreets were filled with 
(laughter, the whole Scottilh army were either killed or 
taken prifonets, and Charles himfelf, having given many 
proofs of perfonal valour, with difficulty made his efcape. 
Imagination can fcarcely conceive adventures more ro¬ 
mantic, or diftrelles more fevere, than thofe which fol¬ 
lowed the young prince’s fortunes after the fcene of 
(laughter. His hair was cut off', the better to dilguife 
his perfon ; and he worked for fome days in the habit of 
a peafant, cutting faggots in a wood. He next made an 
attempt to retire into Wale$, under the conduft of Pen- 
drel. 
