705 
E N G I 
«|uerors. What neither his power, his armies, nor his 
politics, could effedt, was brought about by difTenfions 
in England. 
The councils of queen Anne had hitherto been go¬ 
verned by a whig mini'ftry ; for though the duke of 
Marlborough had darted i t the tory filtered, he foon 
joined the oppofite fadtion, becaufe he found them mod 
fincere in their defires to curb the infolence of France. 
The whigs dill purfued the policy of the late king; 
and, impreffed with a fpivit of liberty, drove to annihi¬ 
late defpotifm in every part of Europe. In a govern¬ 
ment where the reafoning faculty of a few individuals 
can operate upon the minds of thofe in command, the 
politics of the minidry mud alter as the people happen 
to change. The people in fadt were beginning to change. 
The queen’s perfonal virtues, her fuccelles, her deference 
for the clergy, and, in turn, their great veneration for 
her, began to have a prevailing influence over the whole 
-nation. The people of every rank, in confequence of 
. her victories, would doop to defend the mod fervile te¬ 
nets, when they tended to flatter or increafe the power of 
the fovereign. They argued in favour of ftridt heredi- 
tary fuccedion, divine right, and non-refidance to the 
regal power. The fpirit of toryifm began again to pre¬ 
vail ; and the whigs, who had raifed the queen to the 
deferved admiration and dread of all Europe, were the 
fird that were likely to fall by the fervices they had per¬ 
formed. The tories, though affedting to join in vigorous 
meafures againd France, were never ferioufly their ene¬ 
mies ; they rather hated the Dutch, as of principles very 
oppofite to their own ; and therefore longed for an op. 
portunity of withdrawing from the compact. They be¬ 
gan to meditate fchemes of oppolition to the duke of 
Marlborough. They were taught to regard him as a 
felf-intereded man, who facrificed the real advantages of 
the nation, in protracting a ruinoifs war, for his own 
private emolument and glory. They faw their country 
oppreffed by an increafing load of taxes, which, by a 
continuance of the war, mud inevitably become an into¬ 
lerable burthen. Their fecret difeontents began to 
fpread ; and they wanted only a few determined leaders 
to a did them in removing the whig minidry. 
In the mean time, a fuccedion of lolFes began to diffi- 
pate the conquering phrenfy which had feized the nation, 
and induced them to wifh for peace. The army under 
Charles in Spain was then commanded by lord Galway. 
This nobleman having received intelligence that the 
enemy, under the command of the duke of Berwick, was 
ported near the town of Almanza, advanced thither to 
give him battle. The conflict began about two in the 
afternoon, and the whole front of each army was equally 
engaged. The centre, confiding chiefly of battalions 
from Great Britain and Holland, feemed at firfl victorious ; 
but the Portuguefe horfe, by whom they were fupported, 
betaking themfelves to flight, the Englifh troops were 
flanked and furrounded on every fide. In this emer¬ 
gency they formed rhe folid fquare, and retired to an 
eminence ; where, being ignorant of the country, and de- 
flitute of all fupplies, they were at lad obliged to fur- 
Tender prifoners of war, to the number of ten thoufand 
men. This victory was complete and decilive ; and all 
Spain, except the province of Catalonia, returned to their 
allegiance under Philip, their native fovereign.. 
An attempt was made upon Toulon, by the duke of 
Savoy and prince Eugene, fupported by an Englifh fleet. 
The prince, with a body of thirty thoufand men, took 
pofleflion of the eminences that commanded the city, 
while the fleet attacked and reduced two forts at the en- 
trance of the mole. But the French king fending an 
army to rhe relief of the place, and the duke of Savoy 
perceiving no hopes of compelling the city to a fpeedy 
furrender, refolved to abandon his enterprile ; and, hav¬ 
ing embarked his artillery, he retreated by night without 
any moleftation. The fleet under fir Cloudetley Shovel 
was alfo unfortunate. Having fet fail for England, and 
Vox.. VI. No. 384. 
-AND. 
being in foundings, on the 22d of OCtober, about eight 
at night, a violent ftorm arifing, his Ihip was call away 
upon the rocks of Scilly, and every foul on-board pe- 
rifhed. The like fate befel three [hips more, while three 
or four others were faved with the utmoft difficulty. 
The admiral’s body being call: aftiore, was buried in the 
fand; but it was dug up again, and very properly inter¬ 
red in Weftminfter-abbey. 
Nor were the allies more profperous on the Upper 
Rhine in Germany. Marflial Villars, the French gene¬ 
ral, carried all before him, and was upon the point of re- 
ftoring the eledtor of Bavaria. The only hopes of the 
people lay in the aftivity and conduCt of the duke of 
Marlborough, who opened the campaign at Underluch, 
near Bruflels, about the middle of May. But even here 
they were dilappointed, as in all the reft. That general, 
either really willing to protradf the war, or receiving in¬ 
telligence that the French army was fuperior in numbers, 
declined an engagement, and rather endeavoured to fe- 
Cure himfelf than annoy the enemy. Thus, after feveral 
marchings and counter-marchings, which it would be te¬ 
dious to relate, both armies retired into winter quarters, 
at the latter end of October. The French made prepa¬ 
rations for the next campaign with recruited vigour. 
The duke of Marlborough returned to England, to meet 
with a reception which he did not at all expedft. 
Previous to the difgrace of the whig miniftry, whofe 
fall was now at hand, a meafure of the greateft impor¬ 
tance took place in parliament ; a meafure that had been 
wifhed by many, but thought too difficult for execution. 
This was the union between the two kingdoms of Eng¬ 
land and Scotland. This great political talk was referved. 
for queen Anne to accomplifh, at a time when both na¬ 
tions were on the moft friendly footing, and the queen’s 
title and adminiftration approved by all. Accordingly, 
the queen having appointed commiffioners on both Tides, 
they met at Whitehall, where the lord-keeper Cowper 
propofed, “ that the two kingdoms of England and Scot¬ 
land fhould be for ever united into one, and thence for¬ 
ward called by the name of Great Britain; that it 
ffiould be reprefented by one and the fame parliament, 
and governed by the fame hereditary monarch.” The 
Scottiffi commiffioners, on their fide, propofed, “that 
the fubjedts of Scotland fliould for ever enjoy the fame 
rights and privileges with thofe of England ; and that 
all ftatutes, contrary to the tenor of thefe privileges in 
either kingdom, fliould be repealed.” Thefe articles 
were unanimoufly agreed upon by the commiffioners, and 
laid before the parliament. 
In this treaty it was ftipulated, that the fucceffion to 
the united kingdoms ffiould be vefted in the houfe of 
Hanover, being proteftants; that the united kingdoms 
ffiould be reprefented by one and the fame parliament; 
that all the fubjedts of Great Britain ffiould enjoy a com¬ 
munication of privileges and advantages ; that they ffiould 
have the fame allowances and privileges with refpedt to 
commerce and cuftoms; that the laws concerning public 
right, civil government and policy, ffiould be the fame 
throughout the two united kingdoms; but that no alte¬ 
ration ffiould be made in laws which concerned private 
right, except for the evident benefit of the fubjedts of 
Scotland ; that the courts of fefiion, and all other courts 
of judicature in Scotland, lhould remain, as then confti- 
tuted by the laws of that kingdom, with the fame au¬ 
thority and privileges as before the union ; that Scotland 
ffiould be reprefented in the parliament of Great Britain, 
by fixteen peers, and forty-five commoners ; that all peers 
of Scotland (hould be conlidered as peers of Great Bri¬ 
tain, and rank immediately after the Englifh peers of the 
like degree at the time of the union, and before fuel) as 
ffiould be created after it; that all laws and ftatutes in 
either kingdom, fo far as they might be inconfiftent with 
the terms of thefe articles, ftfould ceafe, and be declared 
for ever void. 
In the mean time Mr. Harley, fecretary of ftate, who 
8 R had 
