ENG] 
field in perfon. The volunteers of the city were incor¬ 
porated into a regiment ; the (Indents of the law, and 
numerous other clafiTes of the people, united into artocia- 
tions for the fervice of their country. But they were 
foon relieved from their apprehenlions by the anarchy 
which prevailed in the pretender’s army. In fatt, he was 
but the nominal leader of his forces ; as his generals, the 
chiefs of the Highland clans, were, from their education, 
ignorant, and averfe to fubordination. They had from the 
beginning begun to embrace an oppofite fyflem of opera¬ 
tion, and to contend with each other for pre-eminence; but 
they feemed now unanimous in returning to their own 
country. They accordingly retreated to Carlifle, and from 
thence eroded the rivers Eden and Solway into Scotland. 
In thefe marches, however, they preferved all the rules 
of war ; they abftained in a great meafure from plunder ; 
they levied contributions on the towns as they parted 
along ; and with unaccountable precaution left a garrifon 
in Carlifle, which (hortly after was obliged to furrender 
to the duke of Cumberland at diferetion, to the number 
of four hundred men. The pretender, on entering Scot¬ 
land, proceeded to Glafgow, where he exatted large con¬ 
tributions. He advanced from thence to Stirling, where 
he was joined by lord Lewis Gordon, at the head of fome 
forces which had been ailembled in his abfence. Other 
clans, to the number of two thoufand, came in likewife ; 
and from fome Cup plies of money which he received from 
Spain, and from fome fkirmifhes in which he was fucceff- 
ful againft the royal ills, his affairs began to put on a more 
promifing afpett. Being joined by lord Drummond, he 
inverted Stirling-caftle, commanded by general Blakeney; 
but the rebel forces, being unufed to lieges, confumed 
much time to no purpofe. It was during this attempt, 
that general Hawley, who commanded a confiderable body 
of forces near Edinburgh, undertook to raife the liege, 
and advanced towards the rebels at Falkirk. After two 
days, the rebels, being ardent to engage, were led on in 
full fpirits to attack the king’s army. Prince Charles, 
who was in the front line, gave the fignal for the onfet; 
and the firrt fire put Hawley’s forces into confulion. The 
horfe retreated with precipitation, and fell upon their 
own infantry; while' the rebels, following up their ad¬ 
vantage, the greateft part of the royal army fled in con- 
fufion to Edinburgh, leaving the conquerors in pofl'eflion 
of their tents, their artillery, and the field of battle. 
Thus far the affairs of the rebel army feemed not un- 
profperous ; but here was an end of all their triumphs. 
The duke of Cumberland had now put himfelf at the 
bead of the troops at Edinburgh, which confided qf about 
fourteen thoufand men. With thefe he advanced to Aber¬ 
deen, where he was joined by feveral of the Scotch nobi¬ 
lity attached to the houfe of Hanover; and, having re¬ 
vived the drooping fpirits of his army, he refolvcd to 
attack the enemy, who retreated at his approach. After 
retrefliing his troops at Aberdeen, he renewed his march, 
and in twelve days reached the banks of the Spey. This 
was the place where the rebels might have had a chance 
by diipudng his paffage ; but they loft evtry advantage 
for want of difeipline ; they feemed devoid of all couniel 
and fubordination ; without conduct, and without unani¬ 
mity. After a variety of difputes among themfelves, they 
refolved to await their purfuers upon the plains of Cul- 
loden, about nine miles from Invernefs, embofomed in 
hills, except on that fide which isopen to the fea. There 
they drew up in order of battle, to the number of eight 
thoufand men, in three divifions, fupplied with a few pieces 
of artillery, ill manned, and badly ferved. The battle 
began about one o’clock in the afternoon, on the t6th 
of April, 1746. The cannon of the king’s army did pro¬ 
digious execution among the rebels, while theirs was to¬ 
tally unlerviceable. One great error in the pretender’s 
tatties, was fubjetting wild and undifeiplined troops to 
the ftritt forms of artful war, and thus reprefling their 
native ardour, from which alone he could hope for fuc- 
ceis. After they had been kept in their ranks and with- 
a A N D. 719 
flood the Englifh fire for fome time, they became impa¬ 
tient for cloler attion, and about five hundred of them 
made an irruption upon the left wing of the Englilh, with 
their accuftomed fury. The fit ft line being difordereu 
by this onfet, two battalions advanced to fupport it, and 
galled the rebels with a clofe and terrible diicharge. At 
the fame time the dragoons under Hawley, and the Argyle- 
fhire militia, opening a park-wall that guarded the flank 
of the enemy, and which they had but feebly defended, 
fell in among them, fword in hand, with great (laughter. 
In lefs than thirty minutes from the completion of this 
movement, the rebels were totally routed, and the field 
covered with their wounded and (lain, to the number of 
above three thoufand. The French troops on the left 
did not fire a fhot, but flood inadtive during the engage¬ 
ment, and afterwards furrendered prifoners of war. An 
entire body of the clans marched off the field in order, 
while the reft were routed with great 'daughter, and thei 
leaders obliged with reluttance to retire. The vittory 
was in every refpett decifive ; and humanity to the con¬ 
quered would have rendered it glorious. But little mercy 
was (hewn ; the conquerors refufed quarter to the wound¬ 
ed, the unarmed, and the defencelels; feme were wan-' 
tonly (lain who were only excited by curiofity to become 
fpettators of the battle, and foldiers were feen balely to 
anticipate the employment of the executioner. The duke, 
immediately after the attion, ordered thirty-fix deferters 
to bd executed; the conquerors fpread terror wherever 
they came ; the whole country round was one dreadful 
feene of plunder, flaughter, and devaftation ; juftice was 
forgotten, and vengeance aflumed her empire. 
Thus were blafted all the hopes and all the ambition 
of the young Charles-Edward Stuart; one fhort hour de¬ 
prived him of imaginary thrones and feeptres, and reduc¬ 
ed him from the unenviable ftate of a nominal king to 
that of a miferable outcaft, flmnned by all mankind, ex¬ 
cept fuch as fought his definition. To the good and 
the brave, fubfequent diftrefs often atones for former 
guilt ; and while reafon would (peak for punifliment, 
our hearts plead for mercy. Immediately after the en¬ 
gagement, he fled with a captain of Fitz-james’s cavalry; 
and when their horfes were fatigued, they alighted, and 
feparately fought for fafety on foot. The unfortunate 
fugitive pretender wandered about the wilds ot Scotland, 
a wretched fpettator of al 1 thofe horrors which had re- 
fulted from his ill-guided ambition. There is a ftriking 
(imilitude between his diftrelfes and thofe of Charles II. 
upon his efcape from Worcefter. He fometimes found 
refuge in caves and cottages, dependent on the wretched 
natives, who could pity but not relieve him. Sometimes 
lie hid himfelf in forefts, with one or two companions of 
his diftrefs, continually purfued by the troops of the con¬ 
queror, as there was a reward of thirty thoufand pounds 
offered for taking him, dead or alive. Sheridan, an Irifh 
adventurer, was the perfon who kept mod faithfully by 
him, and infpired him with courage to fupport fuch in¬ 
credible hardfhips. He had occaiion, in the courfeofhis 
concealments, to truft his life to the fidelity of above fifty 
individuals, whofe regards prevailed above their avarice. 
One day, having walked from morning till night, he ven¬ 
tured to enter a houfe, the owner of which he well knew 
was-attached to the oppofite party. As he entered, he 
addrelfed the owner in the following manner : “ The (on 
of your king comes to beg a little bread and a few clothes. 
I know your attachment to my adverfaries : but I believe 
you have fufticient honour not to abufe my confidence, 
or to take advantage of my diftreffed fituation. Take 
thefe rags that have for fome time been my only covering ; 
you may probably reftore them to me one day when I 
fhall be (eated on the throne of my anceilors.” The 
mailer of the houfe was touched with pity at his diftrefs ; 
he aflifted him as far as he was able, and never divulged 
the fecret. 
In this manner he wandered among the frightful wilds 
of Glengary, for near fix months, often ltemmed round by 
1 his 
