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ENG] 
his ‘purfuers, blit (till preferved by fome lucky accident 
from the impending danger. At length a privateer of 
St. Malo, hired by his adherents, arrived hi Lochnanach, 
in which he embarked in the mod wretched attire. He 
was clad in a rtiort coat of black frize, thread-bare, over 
which was a common Highland plaid, girt round him by 
a'belt, from which depended a piftol and a dagger. He 
had not been fliifted for many weeks; his eyes were hol¬ 
low, his vifage wan, and his conftitution greatly impaired 
by famine and fatigue. He was accompanied by Sullivan 
and Sheridan, his two Irifli adherents, who had (hared all 
his calamities, together with Cameron of Lochiel, his 
brother, and a few other exiles. They fet fail for France, 
and, after having been chafed by two Englifh men of 
war, they arrived in fafety at Rofeau, near Morlaix in 
Bretagne. Perhaps he would have found it more diffi¬ 
cult to efcape, had not the vigilance of his purfuers been 
relaxed by a report that he was already (lain. 
While the pretender thus narrowly efcaped to France, 
the fcaffolds and the gibbets were eredted for his adhe¬ 
rents. Seventeen officers of the rebel army were hanged, 
drawn, and quartered, at Kennington-common, in the 
neighbourhood of London. Their conftancy in death 
gained morq profelytes to their caufe than even perhaps 
their victories would have obtained. Nine were executed 
in the fame manner at Carlifle, and eleven at York. A 
few obtained pardon, and a confiderable number of the 
common foldiers were tranfported to the plantations of 
North America. The earls of Kilmarnock and Cromar- 
tie, and lord Balmerino, were tried by their peers, and 
found guilty. Cromartie was pardoned, but the other 
two were beheaded on Tower-hill. Kilmarnock, either 
convinced of his errors, or flattered to the lad with the 
iiopes of pardon, declared a confcioufnefs of his crimes, 
and profeffied his repentance. But very different was 
the behaviour of Balmerino, who gloried in the caufe 
for which he fell. When his fellow-fufferer was com¬ 
manded to bid God blefs king George, which he did with 
a faint voice, Balmerino (fill avowed his principles, and 
cried out aloud, “ God blefs king James!” The unfor¬ 
tunate Radcliffe, brother to the earl of Dervventwater who 
had been beheaded in the former reign, being taken on¬ 
board a (flip as he was going to reinforce the pretender’s 
army, and his perfon being recognized, he was fentenced 
upon a former conviction, and fuffered the like fate upon 
Tower-hill. Lord Lovat was alfo tried and found guilty; 
but his fufferings did very little honour to the caufe. 
In the mean time, while England was thus in commo¬ 
tion at home, the_flames of war continued to rage upon 
the continent with increafing violence. The French arms 
were crowned with repeated fuccefs; and almoft the whole 
Netherlands were reduced under their dominion. The 
Dutch in their ufiial manner negociated, fupplieated, and 
evaded the war; but they found themfelves everyday 
((ripped of fome of thofe (Irong towns which formed a 
barrier to their dominions, and which, they had been put 
in poffefiion of by the victorious Marlborough. They 
now lay defencelefs, and ready to receive the laft terms 
of their conquerors; their national bravery feemed loft in 
the fpirit of traffic and luxury. Two powerful factions, 
which had fubfifted above a century in their republic, ftill 
inflamed the people, and divided their councils. The 
one declared for the prince of Orange and a ftadtholder; 
the other oppofed this election, and defired rather fub- 
milfive friend fit ip than to be at variance with France. 
The prevalence of either of thefe factions to its utmoft 
extent, would have been equally fatal to freedom ; for, 
if a ftadtholder was elected, the conftitution became al¬ 
tered from a republic to a kind of limited monarchy; if, 
on flic contrary, the oppofite party prevailed, the people 
muff (ubmit to the weight of a confirmed ariftocracy, 
1.reported by French power, and liable to its arbitrary 
controul. Of the two evils they chofe the former: the 
people in feveral towns, compelled their magiftrates to 
declare tire prince of Orange ftadtholder, captain-general, 
LAND. 
and admiral, of the United Provinces. The vigorous cos- 
fequences of this refolution immediately appeared. All 
commerce with the French was prohibited; the Dutch 
army was augmented, the navy put on a refpeftable efta- 
blifhment, and orders were iffued to commence hoftilities 
againft France by fea and land. Titus the war, which 
had begun butln a Angle country, was now diffufed over 
all Europe, and, like an epidemic fever, prevailed in dif¬ 
ferent parts of this great political conftitution, remitting 
and raging as effects and caufes intervened. 
The king of Sardinia, who had fome years before joined 
France againft England, now changed (ides, and declared, 
againft the ambitious power of France. Italy felt all the 
terrors of inteftine war, or rather looked on, while fo¬ 
reigners were contending with each otherfor her ufurped 
dominions. The French and Spaniards on one fide, and 
the imperialifts and the king of Sardinia on the other, 
ravaged thofe beautiful territories by turns, and gave 
laws to that degraded country, which had once fpread 
her dominion over the world. 
The Engliffi, in the mean while, made an unfuccefsful 
attack upon Port l’Oricnt. The French alfo gained a 
confiderable vidtory at Rocroix in Flanders, although it 
coft them as many lives as they deftroyed of the enemy. 
Another victory, which they obtained at La Feldt, ferved 
to deprefs the allied army (fill more. But-the taking of 
Bergen-op-zoom, the ftrongeft garrifon of Brabant, re¬ 
duced the Dutch to a (late of defperation. Yet thefe 
victories gained by the French were counterbalanced with 
as great difappointments. In Italy, the marffial Belleifle’s 
brother, attempting to penetrate, at the head of thirty- 
four thoufand men, into Piedmont, his army was routed, 
and himfelf (lain. An unfuccefsful fleet attempted the 
recovery of Cape Breton. Two more were fitted out, the 
one to make a defeent upon the Britifh colonies in Ame¬ 
rica, and the other to attack her poffeffions in the Eaft 
Indies ; but thefe fleets were intercepted by Anfon and 
Warren, and nine of their (hips taken. Commodore Fox, 
alfo, with fix men of war, took above forty French mer¬ 
chantmen richly laden from St. Domingo ; and this lofs 
was followed by a fignal defeat which the French fleet 
fuftained from admiral Hawke, A. D. 1747, in which fe~ 
ven (hips of the line, and feveral frigates, were taken. 
In this manner, vidtory, defeat, negociation, treachery, 
and rebellion, fuccteded each otherfor fome years, till 
all fides began to find themfelves-growing more feeble, 
and gaining no advantage from continual animofity and 
bloodfhed. 
The Dutch had long endeavoured to (top the progrefs 
of a war, in which they had much to lofe, and nothing to 
gain. The king of France was fenfible that a career of 
vidtory was the moft advantageous time in which to offer 
terms of peace. He therefore expreifed his defire of ge¬ 
neral tranquillity to fir John Ligonier, when he was taken 
prifoner at the battle of La Feldt. But now the bad fuc¬ 
cefs of his admirals at fea, and of his armies in Italy, the 
bankruptcies of his merchants, and the eledtion of a 
ftadtholder in Holland, who gave fpirit to the oppofition, 
all contributed to make him loath the war, and prefs for 
an accommodation. This was exadtly what the allies 
wanted. A negociation was therefore refolved upon 
and the belligerent powers agreed to. form a congrefs at 
Aix-la Chapelle, where the earl of Sandwich, and fir 
Thomas Robinfon, aififted as plenipotentiaries from the 
king of Great Britain. 
This treaty, which takes its name from the city wherein 
it was negociated, opened w ith the preliminary conditions 
of reftoring all conquefts that were made during the war. 
Hence great hopes were expedited of terms both favour¬ 
able and honourable to the Englifh people ; but the treaty 
ftill remains a lafting mark of their precipitate coimfels 
and voluntary difgrace. It was agreed that all priloners 
lhould be mutually reftored, and all conquefts given-up; 
that the duchies of Parma, Placentia, and Guaftalla, 
flioiild be ceded to don Philip, heir-apparent to the Spa- 
nilh. 
