7 m 
ENGLAND. 
ttiofl fpeedy and efficacious fuccour, by tbe embarkation 
of a large body of troops under lord Tyrawley, a veteran 
officer, who had formerly redded with high reputation as 
ambaffador at the court of Lilbon, and who now united 
the different charafters of plenipotentiary and general. 
The king of Portugal had conferred, at the recommen¬ 
dation ot the king of England, the fupreme command of 
his armies on the famous count de la Lippe-Buckebourg, 
mader-general of the artillery under prince Ferdinand of 
Brunfwick, a man whofe military talents were of the 
higheft clafs, and who poffeffed all the heroic and ro¬ 
mantic qualities which didinguiflied and adorned die ages 
of chivalry. Lord Tyrawley returning foon to England, 
perhaps in difgult at this fuperior appointment, the com¬ 
mand of the Englifh auxiliaries devolved on the earl 
of Loudon, under whom ferved the generals Burgoyne, 
Crawford, Townfhend, and other officers of didinguifhed 
merit and reputation. 
In the beginning of May, 1763, the Spanifh army, un¬ 
der the marquis de Sarria, paffed the Douro, and inveded 
the city of Miranda. Unfortunately, at the very com¬ 
mencement of the fiege, before the parallels were formed, 
or the batteries planted, the grand magazine of the for- 
trefs, taking fire by accident, blew up with a tremendous 
explofion, occafioning the lofs of near five hundred lives, 
and making moreover two large and practicable breaches 
in the walls. In confequence of this misfortune, the city 
was immediately given up, and the garrifon made pri- 
foners of war. Braganza was next attacked ; but fuch 
was the condernation of the Portuguefe, that the keys of 
the town were prefented, without any attempt at refid- 
ance, to the Spanifh commander. The city of Chaves, 
though provided with all the means of defence, was fur- 
prifed at the fame time by a feparate detachment under 
count O’Reilly. The fouthern army, commanded by the 
count d’Aranda, being joined by eight thoufand French 
auxiliaries, entered the province of Edremadura, and 
opened the trenches before Almeida, in July; after a 
much better defence than had hitherto been made, that 
city was compelled to capitulate on the 25th of Augud. 
On the arrival of the count de la Lippe, Lifbon, the me¬ 
tropolis, and Oporto, the fecond city of the kingdom, 
were expofed to imminent danger. But that general, 
knowing the mod effectual modet-j^f, waging a defenfive 
war to be the converting it as far as poffible into an offen- 
live one, determined to carry the arms of Portugal into 
the kingdom of Spain. An enterprize againd the city of 
Alcantara, where confiderable magazines were forming, 
was refoived upon, and brigadier-general Burgoyne was 
appointed to the command of the entire force collected 
for this purpofe. This officer, palling the Tagus at mid¬ 
night, reached Alcantara at the dawn of day, and, attack¬ 
ing with great refolution the enemy poded in the vicinity, 
and unfufpicious of danger, totally routed them with very 
inconfiderable lofs. A great quantity of arms and ammu¬ 
nition fell into the hands of the victors. Amongd the pri- 
foners was the Spanifh major-general don Miguel d’lrunU 
berri, who was preparing for an expedition into the Por¬ 
tuguefe province of Alentejo. The count d’Aranda, 
having reduced, after the f’urrender of Almeida, the for- 
treffes of Cadel Rodrigo and Cadel Branco, attempted to 
force a paffage through the mountains, intending to crofs 
the Tagus at Villa Velha, a pod defended by general 
Burgoyne, who lay encamped on the fouthern bank of 
the river. The old Moorifh cadle of Villa Velha, on the 
northern bank, though gallantly defended, was at length 
compelled to i'urrender, and the paffes of the mountains 
gained. But the enemy having weakened their force at 
Villa Velha, in order to purfue their advantage in the 
oppofite quarter, general Burgoyne ordered a detachment 
under lieutenant-colonel Lee to ford the Tagus in the 
night, and attack the Spaniards in their camp. This en¬ 
terprize was executed with equal fpirit and fuccefs. A 
great number of the Spanifh officers were flain in attempt¬ 
ing to rally their troops; their cannon were fpiked. their 
Vol.VI. No, 387. 
magazines deffroyed, and much valuable plunder became 
the property of the affailants. The Spaniards being re¬ 
peatedly foiled in their defign of palling the Tagus, by 
the fkill and vigilance of the commander, count de la 
Lippe, and embarraffed alfo in their operations by the 
heavy rains which fell at this period, at length repaired 
the mountains,- and entirely evacuated the province of 
Edremadura, did difmantling the fortifications of Al¬ 
meida and Cadel Rodrigo. 
No fooner was war declared by England againd Spain, 
than preparations began to be made for a grand enter¬ 
prize ; and in the beginning of March, 1762, a very pow¬ 
erful armament failed from Portfmouth, under the con¬ 
duct of admiral fir George Pococke, the earl of Albe¬ 
marle commanding the land forces on-board. At the 
beginning of June, they arrived off the idand of Cuba, 
and the troops were landed fix miles to the eadward of 
the Havannah, a city of the utmod importance to the fe- 
curity and almod the exidence of the Spanifh empire in 
America, as being the port where the galleons and flota, 
loaded with the riches of Mexico, and Peru, eonftantly 
rendezvoufed on their return to Spain. This city was 
protected, exelufive of other works, by a very drong 
cadle called the Moro, againd which the principal attack 
of the earl of Albemarle was directed. It was, however, 
bravely defended by the Spanidi governor, don Louis de 
Velafco ; and the fiege being protracted beyond expecta¬ 
tion, ficknefs began to make its ravages amongd the be- 
fiegers. On the 30th of July, therefore, although the 
breaches made were deemed fcarcely practicable, an af- 
fault was determined upon, and the troops mounting with 
the utmod intrepidity, drove the enemy froip the ram¬ 
parts ; and, after a diort but fierce and bloody conflict, 
the Spaniards were compelled to lay down their arms, 
and petition for quarter. Don Velafco, animated with all 
the genuine Cadilian heroifm, fell by a promifeuous Ibot, 
whild inciting his troops, both by his exhortation and 
example, to fupport the glory of tiro Spanidi arms. Nct- 
withdanding' the conqued of the Moro, the city held out 
till the 13th of Augud, when the governor capitulated, 
on condition of being allowed to march out with the ho¬ 
nours of war, and to have, with his whole garrifon, a 
free and unmoleded conveyance to Spain. In this con¬ 
qued was included twelve line-of-battle firips then lying 
in the harbour of the Havannah ; great quantities of am¬ 
munition and warlike dores; prodigious quantities of 
merchandize of various kinds, and an immenfe treafure 
in fpecie. This therefore was a blow, which, at the very 
commencement of the war, druck deep into the vitals of 
the Spanifh power. 
No fooner was the intelligence of the Spanidi war con¬ 
veyed to the Ead Indies, than an armament fpeedily 
equipped, under the conduct of admiral Cornidi and dr 
William Draper, failed from Madras, dedined againd 
Luconia, the principal of the Philippine idands, of which 
the chief city is Manilla, whence two large firips are fent 
annually acrofs the Pacific Ocean to Acapulco, on the 
coad of Mexico, laden with the fpices, filks, and other 
precious products of India. On the 23d of September, 
1762, the whole armament, having on-board a land force, 
including lafears, fepoys, and other troops, amounting to 
about two thoufand five hundred men, anchored in the 
bay of Manilla, where they excited great and general 
alarm. After effecting a landing, the city was litmmoned 
to furrender ; but the marquis de Villa Medina, the go¬ 
vernor, returned a refolute refufal. The Englifh were 
far from being in a condition to form a complete inved- 
rnent of the city, which was of great extent and drongly 
fortified. The quarter which the general determined to 
attack, was defended by the badions of St. Diego and St. 
Andrew, a ravelin, a wet foffe thirty yards in breadth, a 
covered way, and a glacis. At the beginning of October, 
the weather grew very ftormy and tempeduous; notwith.- 
danding which the bedegers carried on their works with 
unintermitted ardour. A furious Tally was on the 4th 
9 A made 
