E N G J 
I will add, tl at our union ought to command peace 
to Europe.” 
It was in a fhort time after this announced, that the 
combined armies of Auftria and Pruffia had entered 
France, under the command of the duke of Brunfwick, 
who had on the 25th of July ilFued a proclamation which 
feerned purpofely calculated to complete the ruip of the 
French king. In this famous manifefto the mod dread¬ 
ful vengeance is denounced againft the French nation : 
all fuch as are found in arms againft the troops of the al¬ 
lied powers, are threatened to be punifhed as deftroyers 
of the public tranquillity ; and the city of Paris is threat¬ 
ened to be-delivered up to the horrors of military execu¬ 
tion ! This violent declaration- filled up the meafure of 
the popular fury, and the fate of the unfortunate French 
monarch was hence decided. See the article France. 
M. Dumourier, to whom the army of France was now 
entrufted, could fcarcely oppofe thirty thoufand men to 
the army of the duke of Brunfwick, confiding of eighty 
thoufand. With this (mall force he determined to make 
his (land at the foreft of Argonne, the partes of which 
after repeated attempts the duke found himfelf unable 
to force. The French army receiving continual rein¬ 
forcements, and the Pruftians fuft'ering under the united 
evils of ficknefs and famine, the duke of Brunfwick was 
compelled to the humiliating neceflity of commencing a 
hafty retreat, and the French arms were triumphant in 
every quarter. Early in November, Dumourier entered 
the Andrian Netherlands ; and on the 5th of that month, 
attacking the Auftrian entrenchments at Jemappe, near 
Mons, he gained a mod: complete and fignal victory, the 
confequences of which were decifive as to the fate of the 
Netherlands. 
litconfequence of the virtual depofition of the French 
monarch, lord Gower, the Engliffi ambadador at Paris, 
received orders from the court of London to quit the 
kingdom ; for that, the functions of royalty being fuf- 
pended, his midion was at an end. Neverthelefs, M. 
Chauvelin, the French ambadador, dill remained in 
London, though fron. this period unacknowledged in any 
public or authorifed capacity. And as a ftriking indica-' 
tion of the defign of Great Britain to take a part in the 
war, the minifter, on the fuccefs of the French arms in 
■Flanders, made an unfolicited offer of ailiftance to the 
ftates-general in cafe of need. But their high mighti- 
neffes declined to accept the favour, declaring themfelves 
under no apprehenfion of an attack. 
On the 17th of December, 1792, a memorial was pre¬ 
ferred by M. Chauvelin to lord Grenville, in which he 
informed his lordftiip, that the executive council of the 
French Republic, had authorized him to demand, Whe¬ 
ther France ought to conlider England as a neutral or 
laofti 1 e power; at the fame time being folicitous, that not 
the fmalleft doubt Ihould exift refpeCting the difpofition 
of France towards England, and of its defire to remain in 
peace. 'To which lord Grenville returned the following 
anfwer: “If France is really delirous of maintaining 
friendffiip and peace with England, fhe mud: (hew herfelf 
difpofed to renounce her views of aggrefiion and aggran¬ 
dizement, and to confine herfelf within her own territory, 
without infiulting other governments, without difturbing 
their tranquillity, without violating their rights.” At 
length this bufinefs was brought to a crifis, by a letter 
from lord Grenville to M. Chauvelin, dated January 24, 
1793, in which his lordftiip fays, “ I am charged to notify 
to you, fir, that the character with which you had been 
inverted at this court, and the functions of which have 
been fo long fufpended, being now entirely terminated by 
the fatal death of his mod: Chriftian majefty, you have 
no longer any public character here; and his majefty has 
thought fit to order that you fhopld retire from this king¬ 
dom within the term of eight days.” 
The death of the French monarch was indeed a dif- 
aftrous and mournful event. It is well known that the 
executive council, and a great majority of the conven- 
Vol. VI. No. 390. 
^ A N D. > 777 
tional affembly, were eagerly defirous to have averted 
this calamity; but the violence of the jacobin faCtion, 
and the favage rage of the populace, hurried on the fatal 
cataftropbe. The convention, however, dung at the dif- 
miffal of their ambalfador from the court of London, came 
to an ultimate refolution ; and on the irt of February, 
1793, a decree unanimoully parted that affembly, declaring 
the republic of France at war with the king of Great 
Britain, and the ffadtholder of Holland. 
The operations of the French republican army com¬ 
menced againft the Dutch,, with an attack upon Breda, 
which was defended by count Byla.od, who was foon 
terrified into a capitulation ; but, at Williamftadt, the 
aid of the Britifti troops was ufefully exerted in compel¬ 
ling the French to retire. Yet Gertruydenberg, where 
the Englilh was not prefent, was quickly taken; and 
Dumourier was preparing to ruflt into the heart of Hol¬ 
land, when he was called off to a different fervice. The 
French troops in the Netherlands, and on the German 
frontier, being injudicioufly ported, and the commanders, 
not being on the moft harmonious terms, the prince of 
Saxe-Cobourg, who commanded the Auftrians, conceived 
the hope of bringing the republican army to a difadvan- 
tageous aCtion. Clairfait was therefore detached over 
the Roer ; and, when this intrepid officer had aftaulted 
fome ports with advantage, the prince, engaging the ene¬ 
my near Aix-!a-Chapel!e, on the 3d of March, 1793, ob¬ 
tained a confiderable victory, deftroying about five thou- 
fand of the French. The vanquilhed fled toward Liege in 
great confufion ; and the confternation of the defeat ex¬ 
tended to the camp of general Miranda, who was employ¬ 
ed in befieging Maeftricht. He raifed the fiegeon the ap¬ 
proach of the victorious army : the Lower Maes was left 
open to the allies; and the divided bodies of tiie French 
took refuge in Brabant, where they were greatly weakened 
by defertion. 
Dumourier now afflimed the command of the retiring 
troops, and led them back againft prince Cobourg’s 
army. I11 fome (kirmifties he met with fuccefs : but, in 
an obftinate conflict near Landen, March 18, he was 
obliged to yield the honour of the day, after loling above 
three thoufand of his men ; and, being unfuccefsful in 
another engagement, he retreated to the borders of France. 
His ambition and talents bad excited the jealoufy of the 
jacobin faction, who, being alio difgufted at bis repug¬ 
nance to their fanguinary fchemes, fought an .opportunity 
of emitting him. He was endeavouring to reftore dif- 
cipline to a diforganifed army, when commiffioners, lent 
from Paris to arreft him, arrived in his camp. Inffeadof 
fuft'ering them to feize him, he ordered them to be de¬ 
livered up to the Auftrians, as hoftages for the Jafety of 
the royal family of France, and endeavoured to prevail 
on his army to aim at a counter-revolution : but he foqnd 
that his exhortations had no effeCt on their republican 
fpirit ; and he was even apprehenfive that they would 
betray him into the hands of his enemies. Thus fituat-ed, 
he fled to Mons, and offered to the allies that feryice of 
which he deemed his countrymen unworthy : but, being 
expofed to negleCt and difgrace, he foon quitted the army 
for a private (lation. . 
The fucceft’or of the fugitive general was Dampierre, 
who being attacked near Valenciennes, on May 8, repelled 
the alfailants. In a battle near St. Amand, the Britifti 
troops, particularly the guards, under the command of the 
duke of York, obtained great praife by their fpirited 
exertions. They fo effectually (up; erted the Auftrians 
and Prufiians, that the French were at laft conftrained to 
retire. The republican commander received a (hot which 
proved fatal ; and loft about four thoufand of his men in 
killed and wounded. The valour of the Englifh alio ap¬ 
peared when the French were attacked in the well-fortified 
camp of Famars, May 23, which covered the city of Va¬ 
lenciennes, and from which they were driven, after the 
fall of a confiderable number of men on both lides. The 
allied army now fubjeCted Valenciennes to a clofe fiege, 
9 M in 
